A dead tooth, also known as a non-vital tooth, occurs when the soft tissue inside, called the pulp, no longer receives blood flow and dies. The pulp contains nerves and blood vessels that keep the tooth alive. Recognizing common signs, especially visual changes, aids early identification.
Key Visual Changes
A noticeable indication of a dead tooth is a change in its color. It often appears darker than surrounding teeth, commonly turning yellow, gray, light brown, or even black. This discoloration happens because red blood cells within the pulp break down after the tooth dies, similar to a bruise. The color change can be gradual, sometimes taking months or years to become distinct.
A dead tooth may also lose its natural translucency, appearing dull or opaque compared to healthy teeth. Changes in the gum tissue around the affected tooth can also be visible, such as swelling or redness. Trauma that causes a tooth to die might also lead to visible cracks or chips on its surface.
Accompanying Signs
Beyond visual cues, a dead tooth often presents with other physical sensations. Pain levels vary, ranging from no pain to mild discomfort or intense throbbing. This pain can be constant, sharp, or occur when chewing, and some individuals might experience lingering sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.
Swelling around the gum line, face, or jaw indicates a potential infection. If an infection is present, a foul taste or persistent bad breath can develop due to bacteria and decaying tissue. Sometimes, a small, pimple-like bump, known as a fistula or gum boil, may appear on the gums near the tooth, signaling an underlying abscess draining pus.
Common Causes
Several factors can lead to a tooth’s pulp dying. Deep tooth decay is a frequent cause; if cavities are left untreated, bacteria can penetrate the outer layers and reach the pulp, leading to infection and cutting off the blood supply. This can cause inflammation and pressure inside the tooth, starving the nerves and blood vessels.
Physical trauma to the tooth, such as from a sports injury, a fall, or a direct blow, can also damage the pulp. Even if the tooth does not visibly break, the impact can rupture blood vessels or disrupt blood flow, causing it to die. Repeated dental procedures on the same tooth over time can also stress the pulp, making it more susceptible to damage and death.
Next Steps for Suspected Cases
If a dead tooth is suspected, consulting a dental professional is important for an accurate diagnosis. A dentist can confirm the condition through visual inspection, X-rays, and vitality tests that assess the tooth’s nerve response. Early diagnosis is important because an untreated dead tooth can lead to complications such as an abscess, which is a pocket of pus, and the infection can potentially spread to surrounding teeth, gums, or other body parts.
Treatment options typically involve either a root canal or, in some cases, extraction. A root canal removes the dead or infected pulp, cleans the inside of the tooth, and seals it to prevent further infection, often saving the tooth. If the tooth is too extensively damaged, extraction may be necessary to prevent infection spread.