Vipera berus, the common adder, is a reptile native to Europe and Asia. It is the only venomous snake species found in Great Britain. Adders are shy, biting only when threatened or accidentally disturbed. They regulate populations of small mammals and other prey in their ecosystems.
Identifying the Common Adder
The common adder has distinct physical traits. Adults measure between 60 to 80 centimeters, with some females growing larger than one meter. Their bodies are robust, with a clear distinction between head and body, and a triangular head shape. A dark zigzag pattern runs along their backs, extending the length of their bodies and tails.
Coloration varies, ranging from grey or brownish to reddish, with the zigzag pattern darker than the base color. Males have pure grey bodies with black markings, while females are more brownish with dark brown markings. Some individuals may be entirely black, a condition known as melanism. Their eyes feature red irises and vertical pupils.
Where Common Adders Live
Vipera berus has an extensive geographical range across much of Europe and into parts of East Asia. In Great Britain, adders are common in heathland and grassy cliff-top areas. They thrive in diverse environments, including heathlands, moorlands, woodland edges, grasslands, and coastal dunes.
These snakes seek habitats with open, sunny areas for basking and dense ground cover for shelter. They are adaptable and found in various terrains, from sea level to high elevations. Adders hibernate underground in well-drained, south-facing locations, often returning to the same sites year after year.
Understanding Adder Venom
The venom of Vipera berus is primarily hemotoxic, affecting the blood and tissues. It contains a mixture of proteins and enzymes that contribute to its cytotoxic activity. These components can damage blood vessel walls, leading to local tissue destruction and facilitating the venom’s spread through the body via the lymphatic system and bloodstream.
Symptoms of an adder bite include severe pain at the bite site, followed by localized swelling, bruising, and redness. Systemic symptoms can also develop, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In more severe cases, individuals may experience dizziness, low blood pressure (hypotension), and rapid heart rate (tachycardia). While adder bites are rarely fatal, they can cause significant discomfort and require prompt medical attention. The severity depends on factors like venom amount, bite location, and the victim’s age and health. Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions are at higher risk.
Safety Around Common Adders
Preventing adder bites involves precautions in their habitats. Wearing appropriate footwear and long trousers offers protection against accidental bites. Staying on marked paths and supervising children and pets are also recommended, as adders bite when startled or stepped on. Avoid disturbing adders if encountered; they are not aggressive and prefer to retreat.
If an adder bite occurs, remaining calm and still is essential, as agitation can accelerate venom absorption. The bitten limb should be immobilized, and any jewelry or tight clothing near the bite area should be removed before swelling begins. The wound should be gently cleaned with soap and water and loosely covered with a clean, dry bandage. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial, and emergency services should be contacted promptly. Actions to avoid include:
- Cutting the wound
- Attempting to suck out the venom
- Applying a tourniquet
- Using ice
These methods are ineffective and can be harmful.