Vacuum therapy, also known as negative pressure therapy, uses sub-atmospheric pressure on a specific part of the body. A specialized device creates a vacuum by enclosing an area of skin within a sealed cup and reducing the air pressure inside. This controlled suction gently lifts the underlying tissue and is the basis for various medical and aesthetic applications.
The Physiological Effects of Negative Pressure
Applying negative pressure to the body’s surface triggers several biological responses. The vacuum widens blood vessels, increasing blood flow and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the area. This enhanced circulation also helps remove metabolic waste and excess fluids, which can reduce swelling. The pulling force on the skin and underlying layers creates a mechanical stretch on the cells.
This mechanical stimulation, known as mechanotransduction, converts physical forces into biochemical signals. These signals prompt cells to increase the production of collagen and elastin, which contribute to skin strength and elasticity. This process also encourages the formation of new, healthy granulation tissue. The alternating pressure cycles used in some therapies can further improve circulation by assisting both arterial blood flow and venous drainage.
Established Medical Treatments
A well-documented application of this technology is Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), used for complex wounds like diabetic foot ulcers, surgical incisions, and burns. A sterile foam dressing is placed in the wound bed and sealed with an adhesive film. A tube connects the dressing to a vacuum pump that creates controlled negative pressure, typically between 50 and 125 mmHg. This process draws out excess fluid, reduces the bacterial load, and promotes the formation of new tissue to aid healing.
Another medical use is the Vacuum Erection Device (VED). A VED consists of a plastic cylinder placed over the penis, a pump, and a constriction ring. The vacuum draws blood into the penis to create an erection, and the ring is placed at the base to maintain it. VEDs are a non-invasive option for managing erectile dysfunction from causes like diabetes, nerve damage after prostate surgery, or medication side effects.
Cosmetic and Wellness Applications
Vacuum therapy is also popular in cosmetic and wellness treatments, which use the same principles of increased blood flow for aesthetic enhancement. Treatments for cellulite reduction use suction and massage to target the subcutaneous fat layer, improving lymphatic drainage to smooth the skin’s appearance. While some users report temporary results, the effect may be partly due to mild, localized swelling that subsides.
Another application is the non-surgical “vacuum butt lift,” which uses large suction cups to temporarily enhance the shape and firmness of the buttocks by stimulating blood flow and collagen. Similarly, facial cupping uses smaller suction devices to improve circulation, reduce puffiness, and promote a youthful appearance. These cosmetic treatments require multiple sessions and ongoing maintenance to preserve the effects.
Potential Side Effects and Contraindications
While considered safe, vacuum therapy has potential side effects. The most common issues are temporary and localized, including bruising, mild pain or discomfort, skin irritation, and tingling sensations. In medical applications like NPWT, more serious complications, though rare, can include bleeding, skin necrosis if the pressure is too high, or infection if dressings are not managed properly.
Vacuum therapy should be avoided in certain situations. It is contraindicated for use over areas with malignant tumors, untreated bone infections (osteomyelitis), or exposed arteries and organs. Caution is advised for individuals with blood clotting disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications due to elevated bleeding risks. The therapy should also not be applied to fragile skin or in areas with poor blood flow.