A tongue polyp is a small growth of tissue that forms on the surface of the tongue, appearing as raised bumps or small, hanging tags. These growths are generally non-cancerous and are a common oral finding. They can form anywhere on the tongue’s surface but are often found along the sides or top where irritation is more likely to occur. This type of growth usually remains small and is often discovered by chance.
Causes and Characteristics
The development of a tongue polyp is most frequently linked to low-grade, persistent irritation or minor trauma to the tongue’s tissue. This can result from accidentally biting the tongue, habitual rubbing against a sharp edge of a broken tooth, or friction from dental appliances like braces or dentures. The constant irritation prompts a reactive overgrowth of connective tissue, forming the polyp. Many of these growths are classified as irritation fibromas, which are benign accumulations of fibrous tissue.
These growths are characterized as small, firm, and smooth-surfaced nodules. They are typically pink or flesh-colored, though they can appear red or white if they become inflamed. Most polyps are painless unless their location causes them to be repeatedly aggravated during chewing or speaking. They seldom grow larger than a few millimeters in diameter and often present as a single projection.
Medical Diagnosis
A definitive diagnosis for any new or persistent growth in the mouth should be made by a dentist or doctor. The evaluation begins with a clinical visual examination, where the healthcare provider assesses the lesion’s size, shape, color, and location. They will also inquire about any symptoms and when the growth was first noticed.
To confirm the nature of the polyp, a biopsy is often the standard procedure. This involves the partial or complete removal of the growth, which is then sent to a laboratory for histopathological examination. A pathologist examines the tissue cells under a microscope to verify that the growth is benign and to rule out other, more serious conditions. Professional evaluation is necessary to accurately identify any oral lesion.
Removal and Management
The approach to managing a tongue polyp depends on its size and whether it is causing any symptoms. If a polyp is small and does not interfere with eating, speaking, or oral hygiene, a professional might recommend a period of observation. This strategy involves monitoring the growth for any changes over time.
When removal is necessary due to chronic irritation, discomfort, or for cosmetic reasons, it is performed through a simple surgical excision. This minor procedure is completed in a dental or medical office using local anesthesia to numb the area. The growth is carefully cut away, and the site may require a small suture to facilitate healing. Addressing the source of the irritation, such as smoothing a sharp tooth, is also part of preventing recurrence.