The forests of Switzerland are an iconic feature of its landscape, weaving through valleys and ascending mountain slopes. They contribute significantly to the country’s beauty, offering diverse natural settings and supporting both human activity and thriving wildlife.
Defining Swiss Forests
Swiss forests are characterized by a remarkable diversity, influenced by their mountainous terrain and varying altitudes. Coniferous species like spruce, fir, pine, larch, and Swiss stone pine dominate at higher elevations, often forming pure or mixed stands. As elevation decreases, particularly in the lowlands, deciduous trees such as European beech, oak, maple, and ash become more prevalent. Regions like the Jura and the southern Alps are particularly densely forested.
The country’s forest cover spans approximately 1.27 million hectares, accounting for about 31-32% of Switzerland’s total land area. Over 120 different forest types have been identified, reflecting varied climatic conditions. While softwoods, primarily firs and spruces, comprise roughly 67% of the total wood volume, hardwoods like beech make up the remaining 33%. The trend since the 2010s shows a dominance of mixed stands, with only about 19% consisting of pure stands.
The Multifaceted Importance of Swiss Forests
Swiss forests provide extensive benefits, serving multiple ecological, economic, and cultural functions. Ecologically, they act as biodiversity hotspots, supporting over 20,000 animal species, including threatened ones like the western barbastelle. They are also crucial for carbon sequestration, absorbing an estimated 2.5 million metric tonnes of CO2 annually. They play a significant role in soil protection, preventing erosion and regulating water cycles, which contributes to clean drinking water supplies.
Economically, Swiss forests contribute through sustainable timber production, with softwood in demand for construction and energy. The forestry sector supports around 94,000 jobs in Switzerland. Forests are a major draw for tourism and recreation, with studies estimating their recreational value alone at approximately CHF 3-4 billion annually. They offer spaces for hiking, cycling, and other outdoor activities.
Culturally, Swiss forests hold deep historical significance and are intertwined with national identity. Europe’s oldest timber house, dating back to 1287, is located in the canton of Schwyz, highlighting the long-standing use of wood as a building material. Beyond their economic utility, these forests are cherished recreational areas, offering a sense of tranquility and space for activities like “forest bathing.” Approximately 50% of Switzerland’s forests also serve a protective function, safeguarding villages and infrastructure from natural hazards like avalanches, mudslides, and rockfalls.
Safeguarding Switzerland’s Green Lungs
Switzerland employs comprehensive strategies for the protection and sustainable management of its forests, guided by national and international principles. The Federal Forest Act of 1991 is a cornerstone of this approach, mandating sustainable management that considers wood production, close-to-nature forestry, and heritage protection. This legislation built upon earlier acts, with the first Forest Act enacted in 1876, which introduced a ban on clearing and promoted large-scale afforestation in mountain areas.
The federal government, in collaboration with cantons, works to maintain forest health and function. Cantons are responsible for implementing federal and cantonal regulations. The “Forest Policy 2020” outlines eleven objectives, including maintaining forest area, enhancing biodiversity, preparing forests for climate change, and ensuring protective services. Efforts related to climate change adaptation include promoting tree species that can better cope with future climatic conditions, as hot, dry summers have already impacted forest health.