Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is a functional food supplement developed in Japan. It is a standardized extract derived from the mycelia, or root-like structures, of shiitake mushrooms. The production involves a specialized cultivation of several mushroom mycelia species grown in rice bran extract. The manufacturing process uses enzymatic modification, sterilization, and freeze-drying.
The final product is a mixture rich in polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids, and minerals, with a high concentration of partially acylated alpha-glucans. These are more easily absorbed by the body due to their low molecular weight compared to the beta-glucans in most other mushroom extracts.
Immune System Modulation
AHCC functions as an immunomodulator, a substance that helps regulate the immune system’s response. It influences both the innate and adaptive immune systems by interacting with specific receptors on immune cells, such as Toll-like receptors TLR-2 and TLR-4, to initiate immune activity. A primary mechanism of AHCC involves enhancing the number and activity of several types of immune cells.
Studies show it promotes the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells, which are part of the body’s initial defense against compromised cells. The supplement also supports the activity of T-cells and macrophages, which identify and eliminate pathogens. AHCC also influences the production of cytokines, which are proteins that act as messengers within the immune system. It increases the production of specific cytokines like Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which helps activate other immune cells. By modulating cell populations and their signaling molecules, AHCC helps maintain a balanced immune function.
Role in Supporting Cancer Treatment
AHCC is often used in a complementary capacity for individuals undergoing cancer treatments like chemotherapy. While not a treatment for cancer, it is studied for its ability to support a patient’s well-being and quality of life by managing side effects.
One of the main areas of focus is its potential to alleviate treatment-related side effects. Patients undergoing chemotherapy can experience nausea, fatigue, and loss of appetite, and studies indicate that AHCC may reduce the severity of these gastrointestinal issues. Some research has also pointed to a reduction in hair loss for patients receiving certain chemotherapy agents.
AHCC may also provide support to the immune system when it is weakened by chemotherapy. This treatment can cause myelosuppression, a decrease in the production of blood cells, including white blood cells that fight infection. Evidence suggests AHCC can help support bone marrow function and reduce the severity of neutropenia, a condition of low white blood cells, which can lower the need for medications used to stimulate their production.
Application in Viral Infections
The immunomodulating properties of AHCC have led to research into its use for specific viral infections, particularly the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Persistent high-risk HPV infections are a primary cause of cervical cancer, so helping the immune system clear the virus is a focus of preventative health.
A phase II clinical study evaluated women with persistent high-risk HPV infections. The results showed that daily supplementation with AHCC was associated with a higher rate of HPV clearance compared to a placebo. In the group taking AHCC, over 60% of participants tested negative for HPV after six months, with a majority maintaining that status after 12 months. The proposed mechanism involves AHCC’s ability to modulate the immune response, promoting viral clearance.
Preliminary research has also explored AHCC’s potential in other viral contexts. Animal studies have investigated its effects on infections like influenza and West Nile virus. In mouse models of influenza, AHCC supplementation was associated with increased NK cell activity and lower viral titers in the lungs, though more human clinical trials are necessary.
Safety and Dosage Guidelines
AHCC is considered safe and well-tolerated when taken orally in appropriate amounts. It has been the subject of multiple safety studies, including a Phase I clinical trial in healthy volunteers, which found high doses were tolerated with minimal adverse effects. The most commonly reported side effects are mild and may include nausea or diarrhea.
Dosages of AHCC vary depending on the intended purpose. For general immune system maintenance, a daily dose of 1 to 3 grams is suggested. In clinical settings, such as for individuals undergoing cancer treatment or for clearing persistent HPV infections, dosages range from 3 to 6 grams per day, divided into two or three doses. One case report detailed a breast cancer patient taking 3 grams daily for nine years without adverse reactions.
Despite its favorable safety profile, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before beginning supplementation. This is important for individuals with pre-existing autoimmune diseases, as AHCC could increase immune function. There is also a theoretical risk of interaction with certain medications metabolized by the CYP450 2D6 enzyme, so discussing its use with a doctor is recommended for anyone on prescription drugs.