Propolis, often called “bee glue,” is a resinous substance meticulously created by honeybees. Bees produce it by combining their saliva and beeswax with exudates collected from tree buds, sap flows, and other plant sources. Within the beehive, propolis serves a distinct purpose: it acts as a sealant for small gaps and helps to protect the colony from external threats like pathogens and drafts, essentially functioning as the hive’s immune system. This natural compound has a long history of use in traditional medicine, with records indicating its application by ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians for various healing purposes.
Antimicrobial and Immune Support Properties
Propolis extract exhibits antimicrobial properties, playing a role in combating various pathogens. It demonstrates antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal actions, which contribute to its traditional and modern applications. For instance, propolis has been studied for its effects against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, including those responsible for upper respiratory tract infections.
The compounds in propolis are thought to help bolster the body’s natural defenses, offering support against common ailments such as the common cold and flu-like infections. Its antibacterial activity has been verified against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and it can enhance the efficacy of certain pharmaceutical antibiotics against resistant strains like MRSA. Additionally, propolis also shows potential in addressing fungal infections, including oral candidiasis.
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects
Propolis contains a rich array of compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, which are recognized for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. Flavonoids such as chrysin, galangin, and pinocembrin, along with phenolic acids like caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), contribute significantly to these effects. These compounds help to reduce inflammation by modulating inflammatory mediators and inhibiting enzymes involved in inflammatory pathways, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes.
The antioxidant properties of propolis are linked to its ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to oxidative stress. Flavonoids and phenolic acids act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby protecting cells and potentially reducing the risk of chronic conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative damage. This protective action supports general wellness by maintaining cellular integrity and function.
Applications in Oral and Skin Health
The beneficial properties of propolis extract apply to a range of practical applications in oral and skin health. For skin, propolis aids wound healing by promoting new cell growth and reducing infection risk in minor burns, cuts, and scrapes. It has also been used to manage cold sores and genital herpes, speeding up healing and reducing pain.
In dental care, propolis is incorporated into products like toothpaste and mouthwash due to its antibacterial properties. It helps to fight plaque formation by preventing bacterial accumulation on tooth surfaces. Propolis also assists in managing gingivitis (gum inflammation) and soothing canker sores or irritations in the mouth.
Forms and Safe Usage
Propolis extract is available in several common forms, including tinctures, capsules, sprays, ointments, and lozenges. The form chosen depends on the intended application, whether for internal immune support or topical treatment for skin or oral issues.
The primary consideration when using propolis extract is the potential for allergic reactions. Individuals with known allergies to bees, bee stings, honey, pollen, or poplar trees may be at an increased risk. It is advisable to perform a patch test on a small skin area before topical application to check for sensitivity. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, and those with asthma or bleeding disorders, should consult a healthcare provider before incorporating propolis into their regimen. Propolis may slow blood clotting, so it should be avoided prior to surgery.