The hooded vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus, is an important bird of prey across the African continent. This Old World vulture plays an important role in its ecosystem, often found near human populations. Its widespread distribution across sub-Saharan Africa highlights its adaptability to diverse landscapes.
Physical Traits and Habitat
The hooded vulture is a relatively small vulture species, measuring between 62 to 72 centimeters (24 to 28 inches) in length with a wingspan ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 5.5 feet). It weighs between 1.5 to 2.6 kilograms (3.3 to 5.7 pounds). Its plumage is predominantly dark brown, and a noticeable white patch is visible on the upper breast or around the neck.
Its bare, pinkish-white head and fore-neck are a defining feature, flushing light red or pink when agitated. A patch of downy, short beige feathers on its neck and crown gives it the characteristic “hooded” appearance. This species inhabits a variety of environments across sub-Saharan Africa, including savannas, open grasslands, wooded areas, semi-deserts, and coastal lowlands. They are increasingly found near human settlements, such as villages, towns, and agricultural areas, where food sources are more readily available.
Diet and Scavenging Behavior
The hooded vulture primarily scavenges, feeding on carrion from dead wildlife and domestic animals. Their long, thin bill and sharp talons are adapted for tearing at carcasses, though their feet are more suited for walking and running rather than grasping prey. These vultures use their exceptional eyesight to locate food, often soaring high above open areas or near human habitation like waste dumps and abattoirs.
They are often among the first vultures to arrive at a carcass, possibly because their smaller size allows them to rise on thermal currents more quickly than larger species. Beyond carrion, the hooded vulture is an opportunistic feeder, consuming bird eggs, insects like termites, small mammals, and human refuse. This broad diet helps them thrive in various environments, including those altered by human activity. Their role as natural “clean-up crews” helps prevent the spread of diseases by disposing of decaying organic matter, contributing to ecosystem health.
Threats and Conservation Status
The hooded vulture faces many threats, leading to population decline. Poisoning is a major danger, occurring both intentionally and unintentionally. Intentional poisoning involves poisoned carcasses used by poachers or by individuals seeking vulture parts for traditional medicine. Unintentional poisoning results from vultures feeding on animals that have consumed pesticides or other toxic chemicals.
Habitat loss and degradation also contribute to their decline, as natural environments are converted for agriculture or urban expansion. The illegal wildlife trade, where birds are captured for bushmeat or traditional uses, adds to population pressures. Direct persecution by humans, who sometimes view vultures negatively, also occurs. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the hooded vulture as Critically Endangered, reflecting the need for focused conservation efforts.