Solanum trilobatum, widely known as Thoothuvalai or Purple-fruited Pea Eggplant, is a significant plant within the Solanaceae family, which includes familiar crops like potatoes and tomatoes. This species, classified under the Solanum genus, holds a prominent place in traditional medicine systems due to its long-standing use in health practices and its recognition across diverse cultures.
Identifying Solanum Trilobatum
Solanum trilobatum is a thorny, multi-branched shrub that can grow as a straggling plant or a climber, often reaching two to three meters. Its stems are rigid at the base and covered with spines. The leaves are distinctive, often described as five-lobed or triangular with uneven, lobed edges.
The plant produces small, white or purple-violet flowers with a corolla and prominent yellow stamens. After flowering, it develops small, globular, berry-like fruits that mature to a red color and contain numerous tiny seeds.
This species is native to tropical Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. It thrives in various habitats like tidal swamps, gardens, and waste grounds, and is also cultivated for its uses.
Traditional Uses and Cultural Significance
Solanum trilobatum has a long history in traditional Indian medicine systems, particularly Ayurveda and Siddha, where it is called “kayakalpa moolikai.” Various parts, including leaves, roots, and fruits, have been used for respiratory ailments like coughs, colds, bronchitis, asthma, and tuberculosis.
Beyond respiratory issues, traditional practices use Solanum trilobatum for digestive health, alleviating indigestion, bloating, and constipation. It has also served as a general tonic, for liver ailments like hepatitis, and to manage inflammation. The plant is prepared as decoctions for internal consumption or as topical pastes for skin conditions.
In some regions, Solanum trilobatum leaves are incorporated into local cuisine, appearing in dishes like curries, soups, dosa, rasam, and thuvaiyal. This culinary use highlights its cultural importance, valued for both perceived health benefits and as a food source.
Unveiling the Science Behind the Plant
Modern scientific investigations into Solanum trilobatum focus on identifying its bioactive compounds and validating traditional applications. Phytochemical screening of different plant parts, including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, has revealed various compounds. These include alkaloids like solasodine and solamarine, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids.
Research indicates these compounds contribute to the plant’s diverse pharmacological activities. Studies have explored its antioxidant properties, attributing them to compounds like flavonoids and phenolic compounds that help neutralize free radicals. The plant also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its traditional use in conditions involving inflammation.
Further scientific inquiry has investigated its antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi, and its immunomodulatory properties, suggesting a role in enhancing the body’s immune response. Some studies have also examined its hepatoprotective effects, indicating a potential to protect liver cells from damage.
Growing and Using Solanum Trilobatum Safely
Solanum trilobatum is an adaptable plant, suitable for cultivation indoors and outdoors. It can be propagated from seeds sown in nursery trays. Seedlings are typically transplanted into individual pots once they are large enough, around 10 cm or taller, before being moved to their permanent outdoor location.
Propagation is also achieved using cuttings from half-ripe wood, which typically root within a few weeks. This plant thrives in sub-tropical or monsoonal climates, preferring well-drained soil and adequate sunlight. Consistent watering benefits its growth.
Despite its traditional uses, Solanum trilobatum belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes species containing potentially poisonous alkaloids. While these compounds may have beneficial effects, improper consumption or dosage can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Therefore, it is advised to consult with a healthcare professional before using any part of this plant, especially for pregnant women, children, or individuals with pre-existing health conditions.