Cichlids, often misspelled as “siklet fish,” represent one of the largest and most diverse families of freshwater fish, with at least 1,760 scientifically described species. Their popularity among aquarists is driven by their vibrant colors, a wide range of body shapes, and complex behaviors. These characteristics make them a subject of interest for both novice and experienced fish keepers.
The diversity of this fish family is a result of its wide geographic distribution. This has led to evolutionary adaptations, resulting in species suited to different aquatic environments. Understanding these points of origin is fundamental to successfully keeping these fish, as their native habitat dictates their physical needs and social dynamics.
Geographic Varieties of Cichlids
The global distribution of cichlids is primarily split between Africa and the Americas. This geographical separation is the most common way hobbyists classify them, as it provides a framework for understanding their differing needs. These continental groups have evolved independently, resulting in distinct lineages with unique traits that reflect their native environments.
African cichlids are associated with the Great Rift Valley lakes—Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Victoria. Lake Malawi alone is home to an estimated 1,000 species. These are often divided into groups like the rock-dwelling “Mbuna,” which are smaller, aggressive, and herbivorous, and the open-water “Peacocks” (Aulonocara genus), prized for their male coloration. Lake Tanganyika offers its own unique species, such as the shell-dwelling Neolamprologus multifasciatus and the larger Frontosa.
Cichlids from the Americas are found throughout South and Central America, inhabiting a wide range of river systems. South American species, such as the Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and the Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), are among the most recognizable aquarium fish. Central American cichlids, like the Jack Dempsey (Rocio octofasciata) and the Firemouth Cichlid (Thorichthys meeki), are known for their robust bodies and assertive personalities.
Distinctive Cichlid Behaviors
Cichlids are regarded for their intelligence and personality. Aquarists often report that these fish appear to recognize their owners and can be trained to respond to feeding cues. This cognitive ability is linked to their complex social structures and the need to navigate territorial disputes.
A defining characteristic of most cichlids is their strong territorial instinct. In their natural habitats, these fish establish and defend specific areas for breeding and feeding. This behavior is retained in the aquarium, where a dominant fish may claim a section of the tank and defend it from all intruders. This aggression is a hardwired survival instinct tied to ensuring reproductive success and access to resources.
Perhaps the most fascinating cichlid behavior is their advanced method of parental care. Unlike many fish that scatter their eggs, cichlids are devoted parents. The most well-known form of this is mouthbrooding, where a parent, typically the female, carries the fertilized eggs in her mouth until they hatch. She will continue to hold the free-swimming young, known as fry, in her mouth, releasing them for short periods to feed and quickly taking them back in at the first sign of danger. This strategy provides a high level of protection for the offspring during their most vulnerable stage.
Aquarium Setup and General Care
Creating a suitable environment is fundamental to keeping cichlids, and tank size is the first consideration. Due to their territorial nature, providing ample space is necessary to mitigate aggression. A common guideline suggests a minimum of 30 gallons for smaller species, but for larger or more aggressive cichlids, tanks of 55 gallons or more are often required. A larger volume of water helps to dilute aggression and allows subordinate fish to have space to retreat.
Water parameters are another component of cichlid care and differ significantly based on the fish’s continent of origin. African cichlids from the Rift Lakes thrive in hard, alkaline water with a pH between 7.8 and 8.6. In contrast, South American cichlids prefer soft, acidic water with a pH closer to 6.5 to 7.0. Maintaining these specific water conditions, including stable temperatures between 75-82°F (24-28°C), is directly linked to the health of the fish.
A varied diet tailored to the specific species is also important. Cichlid diets fall into three main categories: herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous. Many African Mbuna are herbivores that graze on algae, requiring a diet rich in vegetable matter like spirulina flakes. Carnivorous species, such as Oscars, need protein-rich foods like high-quality pellets, frozen shrimp, or worms. Providing the correct diet not only ensures proper nutrition but can also prevent certain health issues, particularly digestive problems in herbivorous species fed too much protein.
Aquascaping the tank to mimic their natural habitat helps cichlids feel secure and can help manage aggression. For many African species, this means creating numerous caves and hiding spots with stacked rocks. For some South American species, driftwood can be used to provide cover and help lower the pH naturally. Tank mates must be chosen carefully, with the best approach often being a species-only tank or a tank with other cichlids of similar size and temperament from the same geographic region.
Common Cichlid Diseases
Cichlids are susceptible to several health issues, some of which are particularly common within the family due to their specific dietary and environmental needs. One such condition is Hole-in-the-Head (HITH) disease, also known as Head and Lateral Line Erosion (HLLE). This syndrome manifests as small pits or sores appearing on the fish’s head and along its lateral line. While the exact cause is debated, it is often linked to poor water quality, nutritional deficiencies, and sometimes the presence of the parasite Hexamita.
Another prevalent issue, especially among African cichlids, is Malawi Bloat. This condition is characterized by a swollen abdomen, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, and lethargy, often proving fatal within a few days. The causes are thought to be related to improper diet, particularly feeding high-protein foods to herbivorous species, which disrupts their digestive systems. Poor water quality and stress are also contributing factors that can trigger this condition.
Like most freshwater fish, cichlids are also vulnerable to Ich, or White Spot Disease, caused by the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. This appears as tiny white spots scattered across the fish’s body and fins. It is highly contagious and often brought on by stress from poor water conditions or sudden temperature changes. Prevention through stable tank conditions, proper diet, and careful quarantine of new fish remains the most effective strategy for managing these diseases.