Cryotherapy of the cervix is a medical procedure designed to treat abnormal cells found on the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. This common outpatient treatment involves freezing and destroying these atypical cells, allowing new, healthy cells to grow in their place. Healthcare providers often recommend this procedure after a Pap test and colposcopy reveal abnormal cellular changes, frequently caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The aim is to prevent the progression of these abnormal cells into cervical cancer.
Expected Side Effects
Following cervical cryotherapy, patients commonly experience several mild side effects. A watery vaginal discharge is common and can persist for up to two to four weeks. This discharge may appear clear or slightly blood-tinged, as the body sheds the frozen, dead tissue during healing. Wearing sanitary pads can help manage this discharge, but tampons should be avoided to prevent irritation or infection.
Mild cramping, similar to menstrual cramps, is also common. This discomfort may be felt during the procedure and can continue for a few hours or several days afterward. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help alleviate these sensations. Light spotting or mild bleeding is also possible as the cervix heals.
Potential Complications
While cryotherapy is considered safe, some less common, more serious complications can occur. Infection is a potential risk. Signs of infection include fever, chills, or a foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
Heavier or prolonged bleeding beyond typical spotting is another possible complication. Though rare, cervical scarring or narrowing, known as cervical stenosis, can also develop. This scarring might lead to increased cramping during menstrual periods and, in very rare instances, could make future pregnancies or vaginal deliveries more challenging. Freeze burns on the cervix or vagina are also a rare complication.
When to Contact Your Doctor
Contact your healthcare provider if you experience specific symptoms after cervical cryotherapy. These include heavy vaginal bleeding, defined as soaking more than one sanitary pad per hour, or passing large blood clots. Severe abdominal pain not relieved by over-the-counter pain medication also warrants medical consultation.
Signs of infection, such as a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, chills, or a foul-smelling or discolored vaginal discharge, require prompt medical evaluation. Any unusual symptoms, such as ulcers, blisters, or bumps on the cervix or vagina, or dizziness that persists after resting, should also be reported.