The Scleropages Formosus, commonly known as the Asian Arowana, is a freshwater fish with a distinct appearance and ancient lineage. This species belongs to the Osteoglossidae family and is highly valued for its striking colors and unique features, making it a sought-after fish.
The Majestic Asian Arowana
The Asian Arowana has an elongated body covered in large, metallic scales that shimmer with various hues. Its prominent lower jaw features two distinctive barbels at the tip, contributing to its “dragon-like” appearance. The species can reach lengths of up to 90 cm and weigh as much as 17.2 kg.
Various color morphs, such as Red, Gold, Green, and Silver varieties, enhance its appeal, with the golden variant being particularly prized. Its large, elongated pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins are positioned far back on its body. This, combined with its ancient evolutionary history and resemblance to the Chinese dragon, has earned it the moniker “dragon fish” or “living fossil.”
Life in Its Natural Waters
Asian Arowanas are native to Southeast Asia, inhabiting slow-moving waters across countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. They thrive in environments such as blackwater rivers, swamps, and flooded forests.
As a predatory fish, the Asian Arowana’s wild diet primarily consists of insects, small fish, and crustaceans. Juveniles feed on insects, while adults broaden their diet to include other fish.
A unique aspect of their reproductive strategy is mouthbrooding, where the parent carries the eggs and young in its mouth for protection. The Asian Arowana’s sensitivity to environmental changes also makes it an indicator of metal pollution in its habitat.
A Species Under Threat and Its High Demand
The Scleropages Formosus faces significant threats, leading to its classification as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. International trade of this species is highly restricted, listed under CITES Appendix I, the most restrictive category, making it one of only eight fish species on this list.
Habitat destruction, primarily due to deforestation and pollution, poses a major threat to the Asian Arowana’s natural environments. For instance, in east-central Sumatra, oil palm plantations have invaded conservation areas, severely reducing the swamp forest habitat. Overcollection for the illegal pet trade also contributes to the decline of wild populations.
The Asian Arowana holds deep cultural significance, particularly in Asian cultures, where it is revered as a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and power. Its dragon-like appearance reinforces this symbolism. This cultural importance significantly contributes to its high demand and value, further intensifying the pressure on wild populations.
Bringing an Arowana Home
Keeping an Asian Arowana as a pet requires a substantial commitment due to its specific needs and large size. These fish can grow up to 90 cm, necessitating extremely large aquariums, often hundreds of gallons, to provide adequate space. Proper filtration systems are also necessary to maintain suitable water quality.
Their carnivorous diet in captivity should consist of high-quality meaty foods, such as shrimp and crickets, with some aquarists feeding them Koi fry to enhance coloration. They are surface feeders, preferring to take food from the upper parts of the water column. Maintaining soft, slightly acidic water at temperatures between 24-30 °C is also important for their well-being.
Owners must also consider the legal and ethical implications of owning a protected species. It is important to obtain legally bred and documented specimens, which are often microchipped and accompanied by CITES permits to ensure compliance with regulations. Some nations, like the United States, prohibit possession without a permit under the Endangered Species Act.