Known as the “Land of a Thousand Hills,” Rwanda is a country defined by its undulating landscapes, verdant valleys, and serene lakes. This nation in East Africa has emerged as a destination for nature enthusiasts, marked by a deep commitment to preserving its environments. The country’s dedication is evident in its thriving ecosystems and restoration projects, which have helped protect its rich biodiversity. This focus on environmental stewardship has shaped the nation’s identity and future.
The Mountain Gorillas of Volcanoes National Park
Volcanoes National Park, within the Virunga Mountains, is a sanctuary for the endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). The park is part of the Virunga Massif, a volcanic range spanning Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This misty, high-altitude environment, with its dense bamboo forests, provides the ideal habitat for these primates, and the conservation of this species is a primary mission of the park.
The experience of trekking to see a habituated gorilla family is carefully managed. Treks are conducted in small groups, led by park rangers through the terrain. Depending on the location of the assigned gorilla family, the hike can last from 45 minutes to a few hours. Upon reaching the family, visitors spend one hour observing them as they feed, play, and interact.
The park’s conservation success owes much to primatologist Dian Fossey. She established the Karisoke Research Center to study and protect the mountain gorillas, bringing global attention to their plight. Her efforts laid the groundwork for strategies that have led to a significant increase in the gorilla population, and visitors can hike to her tomb.
Diverse Ecosystems in Akagera and Nyungwe
Rwanda’s natural diversity extends to the savannahs of Akagera National Park in the east. Covering 1,122 square kilometers along the border with Tanzania, Akagera is characterized by open grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, and lakes fed by the Kagera River. This habitat contrasts with the mountainous terrain of Volcanoes National Park and is managed by the Rwanda Development Board and African Parks.
Akagera is now a Big Five destination. After years of depletion, lions were reintroduced in 2015. This was followed by the reintroduction of Eastern black rhinos in 2017 and white rhinos in 2021, marking a major milestone in the park’s restoration. The park is also home to thriving populations of elephants, buffalo, leopards, and over 500 bird species.
In the southwest lies Nyungwe National Park, one of Africa’s oldest protected montane rainforests. This biodiverse park is a haven for primates, sheltering 13 different species, including large troops of Ruwenzori colobus monkeys and habituated chimpanzees.
A feature of Nyungwe is the Canopy Walkway, a suspension bridge hanging 60-70 meters above the forest floor. This structure offers a bird’s-eye perspective of the rainforest and opportunities to spot monkeys and birds in the upper canopy.
A Model for Conservation
Rwanda’s success in preserving its natural heritage is the result of forward-thinking policies, including a zero-tolerance stance on poaching. A primary component of Rwanda’s conservation model is the community revenue-sharing program. This initiative directs 10% of tourism revenue from the national parks back to adjacent communities. These funds are invested in development projects such as schools and health clinics, giving local residents a direct stake in the long-term survival of wildlife and fostering a culture of conservation.
The nation’s commitment is also demonstrated by its reforestation efforts. The country has set a goal to achieve 30% forest cover and has promoted agroforestry to improve soil fertility. This dedication led to the establishment of Gishwati-Mukura National Park in 2016, a restored landscape that was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2020.
Lake Kivu and the Rift Valley Landscape
In western Rwanda, along the Albertine Rift, lies Lake Kivu, one of Africa’s Great Lakes. Its deep waters form a natural border with the Democratic Republic of Congo. The landscape here is characterized by a vast expanse of water surrounded by steeply terraced hills and picturesque fishing villages.
Unlike the wildlife-focused parks, Lake Kivu offers a retreat centered on its scenic beauty. The area is a hub for activities like kayaking on the calm waters, taking boat trips to explore small islands, or relaxing on the shorelines.
The lake’s shores are dotted with towns that serve as bases for exploration. The Congo Nile Trail, a 227-kilometer path, runs along the length of the lake, offering opportunities for hiking and biking. This allows for an immersive experience of the region’s rural life and panoramic views.