The Ginkgo Biloba tree, an ancient species and “living fossil,” originated over 270 million years ago. Native to China, it has been cultivated for millennia, with some specimens over 1,000 years old. Its remarkable resilience allows it to thrive in diverse environments, enduring air pollution, drought, and radiation. Ginkgo Biloba has a rich history of traditional use in Asian cultures, where its leaves and seeds have been incorporated into medicine and cuisine.
Understanding Pure Ginkgo Biloba Extracts
When considering Ginkgo Biloba supplements, “pure” or high-quality generally refers to standardized extracts derived from the leaves. Standardization ensures a consistent concentration of specific active compounds, providing a reliable product. The most commonly researched standardized extract is EGb 761. This extract is standardized to contain 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones.
Flavonol glycosides, including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, are plant-derived antioxidants that help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Terpene lactones, such as ginkgolides A, B, and C, and bilobalide, are another group of active compounds. Ginkgolides are known to act as antagonists of platelet-activating factor (PAF), which can influence blood clotting and blood flow. The consistent concentration of these compounds in standardized extracts is important for product quality.
Investigated Health Applications
Ginkgo Biloba extracts have been the subject of numerous studies exploring their potential health applications, particularly concerning cognitive function. Research suggests that standardized Ginkgo Biloba extract may help alleviate symptoms associated with cognitive deficits, including decreased memory performance, lack of concentration, and reduced alertness. Studies have indicated potential improvements in memory and cognitive function, especially in tasks requiring attention and memory retention. It may also offer neuroprotective effects, guarding nerve cells from damage and supporting cognitive performance, particularly in age-related decline. However, some reviews indicate inconsistent findings regarding memory improvement in healthy individuals.
Beyond cognitive support, Ginkgo Biloba has been investigated for its effects on circulation. It is thought to influence both peripheral and cerebral blood flow. The active compounds, including flavonoids and terpenoids, are believed to increase circulation and blood flow in the brain, supplying more oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. Studies have shown a statistically significant, albeit small, increase in global cerebral blood flow in some elderly individuals after supplementation. The extract’s influence on circulation may also extend to peripheral vascular conditions.
The antioxidant properties of Ginkgo Biloba are also a significant area of research. The flavonoids and terpenoids present in the extract are known for their ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity is believed to contribute to the extract’s protective effects on various tissues and systems, including the brain and cardiovascular system.
Important Considerations for Supplementation
Individuals considering Ginkgo Biloba supplementation should be aware of general guidance on dosage and available forms. Most research supporting its potential benefits has utilized purified extracts, often in capsule or tablet form. Common dosages in studies range from 80 to 720 mg per day, with effects sometimes observed after 4 to 6 weeks of consistent use. Liquid extracts and dried leaves for tea are also available.
It is important to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, including Ginkgo Biloba, due to potential side effects and known drug interactions. Possible side effects can include upset stomach, headache, dizziness, and allergic skin reactions. A significant concern is its interaction with blood thinners, such as warfarin, aspirin, and other anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, as Ginkgo Biloba may increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. It can also interact with certain antidepressants (SSRIs/MAOIs), HIV medications, and seizure treatments. Sourcing the product from reputable manufacturers is also advised to ensure quality and standardization.