Phyllanthus niruri is a small herbaceous plant native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including India, China, and the Amazon rainforest. It grows as a common weed, reaching heights of around 50 to 70 centimeters, and is distinguished by its small, smooth leaves and greenish-yellow flowers. Known by several common names, its most widespread are “Chanca Piedra” and “Stonebreaker,” reflecting its historical application in folk medicine. For over 2,000 years, this plant has been a component of traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, and its leaves, stems, and roots are the parts valued by herbal practitioners.
Health Applications and Traditional Uses
The most recognized use of Phyllanthus niruri, giving rise to its “Stonebreaker” name, relates to kidney health, where traditional medicine has long employed it to manage and prevent kidney stones. Research suggests the plant may interfere with the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, the primary components of most kidney stones. Studies indicate it may help reduce the size of existing stones and inhibit the growth of new ones. A 2018 study involving 56 participants showed that the plant helped decrease the size of urinary tract stones.
This herb also has a significant history of use for supporting liver function, where it is considered to have hepatoprotective properties. In traditional practices, it has been applied to address liver-related ailments like jaundice. Modern laboratory studies have explored these effects, finding that extracts of the plant show antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity in animal models. This suggests a potential to protect the liver from certain types of damage.
The plant has been used for other health concerns. In some traditions, it serves as a diuretic to help the body expel excess sodium and water. It has also been used for digestive problems and to support the immune system. Preliminary research has pointed toward potential antiviral effects against viruses like herpes simplex and hepatitis B in cell cultures, though human trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Bioactive Compounds
The therapeutic effects of Phyllanthus niruri are attributed to a diverse range of chemical compounds. These bioactive constituents include lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins.
Lignans, such as phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, are among the most studied components and are believed to contribute significantly to the plant’s hepatoprotective actions. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the herb are largely linked to its flavonoid content. These flavonoids help neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage.
Alkaloids present in the plant are thought to play a role in its effects on the urinary system. The combined action of these different compounds—lignans protecting the liver and alkaloids acting on the urinary tract—provides a basis for its traditional uses.
Forms, Dosage, and Safety Considerations
Phyllanthus niruri is commercially available in several forms, including capsules, liquid extracts or tinctures, teas, and powders. Capsules and powders offer a convenient way to consume a measured amount of the dried herb. Teas are made by infusing the leaves and stems in hot water, a common traditional preparation. Liquid extracts provide a more concentrated form of the plant’s active compounds.
There is no single standardized dosage for Phyllanthus niruri, as the appropriate amount can vary based on the product and the reason for its use. Studies have sometimes used doses of around 600 to 900 milligrams daily, but it is important to follow the dosage instructions on the product label. Consulting with a healthcare provider is recommended to determine a suitable dose.
While generally considered safe when taken at recommended doses, some individuals may experience mild side effects like stomach upset. The plant may also lower blood pressure and blood sugar levels, requiring caution for those on medication for hypertension or diabetes. Due to its diuretic effect, it could interact with other diuretic medications. There is insufficient research on its safety for pregnant or breastfeeding women, who should avoid its use. A conversation with a doctor is important for anyone with pre-existing medical conditions or taking other medications.