Phthalates and parabens are two distinct categories of chemicals found in consumer products. Though often discussed together due to health considerations, they have different compositions and purposes.
Defining Phthalates and Parabens
Phthalates are chemical compounds used as plasticizers, added to plastics for flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. They soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a common plastic. Phthalates are a specific type derived from phthalic acid.
Parabens are organic compounds functioning as preservatives in many products. Their role is to inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, extending product shelf life. Common parabens include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
Common Sources in Everyday Products
Phthalates
Phthalates are in flexible plastic products like vinyl flooring, shower curtains, and garden hoses. They are also present in food packaging and can leach into processed foods, particularly those with higher fat content. In personal care items, phthalates function as fragrance solvents and stabilizers, found in perfumes, hair sprays, nail polishes, and lotions. They are also found in detergents and some medical devices.
Parabens
Parabens serve as preservatives, preventing microbial contamination. They are found in cosmetics like makeup, moisturizers, sunscreens, and hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners. Shaving creams and some processed foods, including cereals, candies, dried meats, and sauces, also contain parabens. Some pharmaceutical products also utilize parabens.
Potential Health Concerns
Research raises concerns about phthalates and parabens due to their classification as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrine disruptors interfere with the body’s hormone system, regulating growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Phthalates link to reproductive and developmental health issues. Studies suggest exposure to certain phthalates may impair male reproductive system development and function, influencing testicular function, sperm count, and motility. Prenatal exposure to phthalates is also associated with infant cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and shorter anogenital distance in newborns. Research also suggests links between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of cancers, asthma, allergies, and learning difficulties in children.
Parabens can mimic estrogen, a naturally produced hormone. This estrogen-mimicking activity interferes with hormonal regulation. Cell-based studies indicate parabens may increase breast cell growth and reduce programmed cell death, factors associated with cancer development. While human studies are limited and have not conclusively proven a direct causal link between parabens and breast cancer, their estrogenic properties in laboratory settings raise questions about their long-term impact on hormonal balance and breast tissue.
Identifying and Avoiding Exposure
Reducing exposure involves informed choices and lifestyle adjustments. Recognizing how these substances are listed on product labels is a practical first step.
To identify parabens, look for ingredients ending in “-paraben” on product labels (e.g., methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or butylparaben). Many products are now labeled “paraben-free,” simplifying identification.
Identifying phthalates is more challenging; they are often hidden under “fragrance” or “parfum” on ingredient lists, as manufacturers are not always required to disclose specific fragrance components. However, some phthalates are listed by acronyms like DBP (dibutyl phthalate) or DEP (diethyl phthalate). Products labeled “phthalate-free” or “fragrance-free” help with avoidance.
Beyond label reading, practical choices limit exposure. Opting for food and beverages in glass or stainless steel containers instead of plastic can reduce phthalate leaching. Choosing fragrance-free personal care products or those scented with natural essential oils also minimizes exposure to hidden phthalates. Avoiding flexible plastic items, particularly those with recycling codes #3 (PVC), #6, or #7, also reduces phthalate contact.