Periurethral glands are small structures positioned around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. These glands are present in both males and females, playing a role in the proper functioning of the urinary and, in males, the reproductive systems. Their presence contributes to the overall health and protection of the urethral passage.
Anatomy and Location
In females, these structures are known as Skene’s glands, or paraurethral glands, and are situated near the external opening of the urethra. They are found on either side of the urethra, close to the vaginal entrance. Each gland possesses a small duct that opens directly into the urethra or just outside its opening.
These glands are described as analogous to the male prostate gland due to their shared embryonic origin and some functional similarities. They are generally small, often only a few millimeters in diameter. Their precise location is important for understanding their role in local physiological processes.
Male anatomy includes similar structures called Littre’s glands, also known as urethral glands. These glands are distributed throughout the entire length of the spongy portion of the urethra, which is the part extending through the penis. They are not concentrated in one specific area but rather appear as numerous small, mucus-secreting glands embedded within the urethral lining.
Each Littre’s gland has a tiny duct that directly opens into the urethral lumen, allowing its secretions to enter the passageway. Their widespread distribution along the urethra highlights their continuous contribution to the environment within this tube.
Physiological Functions
Periurethral glands primarily function to produce and secrete a clear, lubricating fluid, which moistens the urethral lining. This mucus helps facilitate the smooth passage of urine and, in males, semen, reducing friction and irritation. The lubricating action protects delicate urethral tissues from abrasive fluid flow.
Beyond lubrication, these glands contribute to local immune defense within the urinary tract. Their secretions may contain antimicrobial substances, which can help inhibit the growth of bacteria and other pathogens. This protective mechanism provides a first line of defense against ascending infections, preventing microorganisms from establishing themselves in the urethra or bladder.
The constant flow of these secretions also aids in flushing out any foreign particles or microbes that might enter the urethra. By maintaining a clean and protected environment, periurethral glands contribute to the overall health and integrity of the lower urinary tract.
Common Conditions
Periurethral glands can develop conditions causing discomfort or other symptoms. One common issue is the formation of a periurethral cyst, which occurs when a gland’s duct becomes blocked. This blockage traps the fluid produced by the gland, causing it to swell and form a palpable lump near the urethra.
These cysts are benign and often remain asymptomatic. However, larger cysts may cause localized discomfort, a feeling of pressure, or pain during sexual intercourse or urination. If a cyst is large, it can interfere with the normal flow of urine.
The glands can also become inflamed or infected, a condition known as Skene’s glanditis in females, or more generally, urethritis. This can happen if bacteria enter the gland’s duct, leading to an infection. Symptoms of inflammation or infection include pain, a burning sensation during urination, and a discharge from the urethra.
The affected area appears red or swollen, and tenderness is present upon touch. Persistent or worsening symptoms warrant evaluation by a healthcare professional. A medical consultation can help determine the exact cause of the symptoms and guide appropriate management.