Perianal cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection around the anus. While it can cause discomfort, this condition generally responds well to appropriate medical treatment. It is most frequently observed in younger individuals, particularly children.
Identifying Perianal Cellulitis
Recognizing perianal cellulitis involves observing distinct changes in the skin surrounding the anus. The affected area typically appears as a bright, sharply defined patch of redness that does not usually extend far beyond the anal opening.
Individuals commonly experience pain during bowel movements. An itching sensation in the rectal area is also a frequent complaint. The skin may feel tender to the touch, and small streaks of blood might be visible in the stool.
Fear of pain during defecation can sometimes lead to constipation. A low-grade fever may occasionally accompany this infection.
Underlying Causes and Risk Factors
The most common bacterium responsible for perianal cellulitis is Group A Streptococcus (GAS), the same type of bacteria that causes conditions like strep throat and impetigo. This infection often arises through autoinoculation, where bacteria from another part of the body, such as the nose or throat, are transferred to the perianal area, often by a child’s hands.
A recent history of strep throat in the affected individual or a close family member significantly increases the risk of developing perianal cellulitis. A recent skin infection caused by GAS elsewhere on the body can also be a source. While less frequent, other bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, can also cause this cellulitis.
The Diagnostic Process
Diagnosing perianal cellulitis begins with a visual examination by a healthcare provider. The characteristic appearance of the affected skin often suggests the diagnosis. To confirm the presence and type of bacteria, a bacterial swab or culture is usually taken directly from the reddened skin.
This sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Proper diagnosis is important to distinguish perianal cellulitis from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as pinworm infestations, candidal dermatitis (a yeast infection), or certain inflammatory bowel diseases.
Treatment and Recovery
The primary treatment for perianal cellulitis involves a course of oral antibiotics. Common prescriptions include penicillin or amoxicillin, which are effective against Group A Streptococcus. A healthcare provider might also recommend topical antibiotics, though oral medication is the main treatment.
Alongside antibiotics, supportive home care measures can help alleviate discomfort and promote healing. Warm sitz baths provide soothing relief. Maintaining gentle hygiene in the perianal region using soft, unscented wipes rather than harsh toilet paper is also beneficial.
Symptoms typically improve within a few days of starting antibiotic treatment. It is important to complete the prescribed course of antibiotics, even if symptoms resolve quickly. This ensures the infection is completely eradicated and reduces the chance of recurrence.