The term “Par codeine” refers to a formulation of codeine, an opioid medication, manufactured by the company Par Pharmaceutical. This name on the label simply identifies the producer and is not indicative of a unique type of codeine. The active ingredient remains codeine phosphate, a substance that is only legally available with a prescription from a qualified healthcare provider.
Medical Uses and Mechanism of Action
Codeine is prescribed for two primary purposes: managing mild to moderate pain and suppressing coughs. As an analgesic, or pain reliever, it is intended for short-term use when other non-opioid pain medications have not been effective. In its role as an antitussive, it helps to reduce the activity in the part of the brain that triggers the urge to cough.
The therapeutic effects of codeine stem from its interaction with the central nervous system. After ingestion, the liver metabolizes a portion of the codeine into morphine. This metabolite then binds to specific sites in the brain and spinal cord known as mu-opioid receptors. This binding action blocks pain signals from being transmitted, altering the body’s perception of pain, and also quiets the cough reflex.
Often, codeine is combined with other active ingredients to enhance its effects or address multiple symptoms simultaneously. A common combination involves acetaminophen, which also has pain-relieving and fever-reducing properties. This pairing allows for a lower dose of the opioid, which can lower the risks associated with higher doses of codeine.
Potential Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Common side effects are generally mild and can include drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, and sedation. Gastrointestinal issues are also frequent, with many users reporting nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Some people might also notice increased sweating.
Certain adverse reactions to codeine are more serious and warrant immediate medical attention. These include respiratory depression, or shallow and ineffective breathing, severe dizziness that could lead to fainting, and profound confusion or disorientation. An allergic reaction, characterized by symptoms like a rash, itching, swelling, or severe trouble breathing, also requires urgent care.
Risks of Dependence and Overdose
The use of any opioid, including codeine, carries inherent risks of physical dependence and addiction. Physical dependence is a physiological adaptation where the body becomes accustomed to the drug, and a person may experience withdrawal symptoms if it is stopped abruptly. Addiction is distinct, characterized by a compulsive psychological craving and use of the drug despite negative consequences. Dependence can develop even when the medication is taken correctly as prescribed.
An overdose is a life-threatening event that occurs when too much of the drug is consumed, leading to severe respiratory depression. The signs of a codeine overdose include extremely slow or stopped breathing, unresponsiveness, and pupils that constrict to a very small size, often described as “pinpoint.” A lack of oxygen can cause the lips and fingernails to turn a bluish color. The legal classification of codeine as a controlled substance underscores its potential for misuse and harm.
Safe Use and Precautions
To ensure safety, it is important to take Par codeine exactly as directed by a healthcare professional. The dosage and frequency should not be altered without medical consultation. The medication should never be shared with others, as their medical history and tolerance may be different.
Patients should avoid consuming alcohol or using other substances that depress the central nervous system while taking codeine. These include benzodiazepines, other opioids, and certain antidepressants, as combining them can amplify sedative effects and increase the risk of severe breathing problems. It is important to inform a doctor of all other medications being taken to prevent harmful drug interactions.
Certain individuals should not use codeine due to specific health conditions. This includes people with severe asthma or other breathing problems, as the drug can worsen respiratory issues. Those with a known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, such as paralytic ileus, should also avoid it. This information is educational and does not replace professional medical advice.