Osteoarthritis is a condition characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints. This protective tissue cushions the ends of bones, and its deterioration leads to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Because the condition is chronic, many people explore dietary supplements as a potential option for relief.
Supplements Commonly Used for Osteoarthritis
A variety of supplements are used to alleviate the discomfort of osteoarthritis. The most recognized are glucosamine and chondroitin, often sold together. Glucosamine is an amino sugar, while chondroitin is a natural part of the connective tissue in bones and cartilage. Both are structural components of the cartilage that cushions joints.
Another supplement is turmeric, a spice containing the active compound curcumin. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, are also popular and have been investigated for their effects on joint health. Methylsulfonylmethane, known as MSM, is a sulfur-containing compound found in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Other supplements include S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e), a compound found in the body, and Boswellia serrata, an herbal extract.
Proposed Mechanisms of Action
The theoretical basis for how these supplements may work varies. For some, the proposed mechanism is directly related to the joint’s structure. Glucosamine and chondroitin, for instance, are thought to provide the raw materials for cartilage. The idea is that supplementation could help the body maintain or repair damaged cartilage, although this has not been definitively proven.
Other supplements are believed to function by addressing inflammation. Turmeric’s active compound, curcumin, has anti-inflammatory effects. The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil are believed to block certain proteins and fatty acids that trigger inflammation. Your body can convert these omega-3s into anti-inflammatory chemicals called resolvins, which may help reduce joint stiffness.
The proposed action of MSM is linked to its sulfur content, a component needed for the body to create connective tissue. SAM-e is believed to have a combination of anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protecting properties.
Evaluating the Scientific Evidence
The scientific evidence for the effectiveness of these supplements is varied and often not definitive. For glucosamine and chondroitin, research has produced conflicting results. A large-scale study found that glucosamine did not provide significantly more pain relief than a placebo. However, a 2016 international trial found that the combination was as effective as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for reducing pain and swelling in knee osteoarthritis.
Research on turmeric’s active ingredient, curcumin, has shown some positive results. A 2021 review of 10 studies concluded that turmeric or curcumin extracts improved knee osteoarthritis pain when compared to a placebo. The evidence suggests that formulations designed for better absorption may be more effective.
The evidence for omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil is less clear for osteoarthritis compared to other inflammatory conditions. One 2020 study did find that fish oil supplements significantly reduced pain specific to osteoarthritis. The American College of Rheumatology, however, does not currently recommend its use for osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, or knee due to a lack of strong evidence. For MSM, some studies have reported improvements in pain and function, but the quality of this research has been questioned.
Considerations for Safe Use
Before incorporating any new supplement into your routine, it is important to consider potential safety issues. Supplements can cause side effects and may interact with other medications. For example, curcumin can have blood-thinning effects and may interact with anticoagulant drugs like warfarin. Glucosamine has the potential to affect blood sugar levels, which is a consideration for individuals with diabetes.
The regulatory oversight for supplements is different from that for prescription and over-the-counter drugs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve supplements for safety and effectiveness before they are sold. This can lead to variability in the quality, purity, and dose of the active ingredients. Choosing products from reputable manufacturers that undergo third-party testing can help mitigate this risk.
Consulting with a healthcare provider is a necessary step before starting any supplement. A doctor or pharmacist can help you weigh the potential benefits against the risks based on your specific health profile and current medications. This guidance ensures any choices made are appropriate for your overall treatment plan.