Oral cancer develops when cells in or around the mouth, including the lips, tongue, and throat, mutate and grow uncontrollably to form tumors. While more frequently diagnosed in older adults, there has been a noticeable increase in cases among younger people, including teenagers.
Recognizing the Signs of Oral Cancer
The early signs of oral cancer can be subtle and mistaken for less serious conditions. One of the most common indicators is a sore or ulcer in the mouth or on the lip that does not heal within two weeks. These sores may be painless initially, which can lead to a delay in seeking evaluation.
Another potential sign is the appearance of unusual patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth, which can be white, gray, or red. A person might also notice unexplained lumps or a thickening in the cheek, mouth, or neck area.
As the condition progresses, physical functions can be affected. Symptoms may include:
- A persistent sore throat or a feeling that something is caught in the throat.
- Difficulty or pain when chewing or swallowing.
- Changes in speech or numbness in the tongue.
- Unexplained bleeding in the mouth or loosening of teeth.
Key Risk Factors for Teenagers
A primary risk factor for oral cancers in younger people is the human papillomavirus (HPV). While the immune system clears most strains of this common virus, certain high-risk types can cause cancer in the back of the throat, base of the tongue, and tonsils. The virus is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, including kissing and sexual contact.
Tobacco use is another major cause of oral cancers. This includes smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, and using smokeless products like chewing tobacco. The chemicals in these products damage cells in the mouth, and combining tobacco with heavy alcohol consumption increases this risk.
Emerging habits like vaping also present concerns, as the aerosols from e-cigarettes contain potentially harmful chemicals and carcinogens. These substances can cause inflammation and cellular damage in the oral cavity. The long-term connection to oral cancer is still being studied.
The Diagnostic and Treatment Process
When a potential sign of oral cancer is found, the first step is an examination by a dentist or doctor. The provider will inspect the mouth, throat, tongue, and cheeks for any abnormalities.
If an unusual area is identified, a biopsy is performed. During this procedure, a small sample of suspicious tissue is removed and sent to a laboratory for a pathologist to examine under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
If cancer is confirmed, further tests determine the cancer’s stage, which describes its size and if it has spread. Treatment plans are based on the cancer’s type, location, and stage. Common methods include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Prevention and Early Detection
A primary preventative measure is the HPV vaccine, which protects against the virus strains most often linked to cancer. The vaccine is effective at preventing the initial infection that could lead to cancer later in life.
Informed lifestyle decisions are a large part of prevention. Counseling teenagers on the dangers of tobacco use, including smoking and smokeless products, is important. Discussing the risks associated with vaping and encouraging responsible choices regarding alcohol can also reduce the likelihood of developing the disease.
Regular dental check-ups are important for early detection, as dentists are often the first to spot the early signs of oral cancer. Catching the disease at an early stage greatly improves the effectiveness of treatment and the overall outlook for the patient. Self-examinations of the mouth can also help in noticing any changes promptly.