The ongoing global health situation has seen the emergence of various forms of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause of COVID-19. These evolving forms, known as variants, can sometimes show different behaviors, affecting how they spread or the illness they cause. A “new Omicron variant” refers to the latest iterations or sub-lineages of the Omicron strain, which has been the predominant circulating variant globally for some time.
Characteristics of the New Variant
The Omicron variant, first identified in November 2021, has undergone further mutations, leading to numerous sub-lineages. These newer subvariants, such as BA.4, BA.5, XBB, and more recently, JN.1, EG.5 (“Eris”), and BA.2.86 (“Pirola”), carry specific genetic changes that influence their properties. For instance, Omicron generally has around 50 mutations compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, with 32 of these located on the spike protein, which is the part of the virus that attaches to human cells. These mutations are thought to contribute to its increased transmissibility.
Newer Omicron subvariants, like BA.4 and BA.5, have shown even higher transmissibility compared to earlier Omicron forms. This increased spread is partly attributed to their ability to evade existing immunity from previous infections or vaccinations. While the original Omicron strain was generally considered less severe than the Delta variant, the impact of newer subvariants on disease severity is continuously monitored.
Identifying Symptoms and Testing
Symptoms associated with the new Omicron variants are often similar to those of earlier COVID-19 strains, but with some notable differences. Common symptoms include a runny nose, cough, headache, fatigue, and sore throat. Sneezing and muscle aches are also frequently reported. Unlike some earlier variants, loss of smell or taste is less common with Omicron infections, which can make it harder to distinguish from a common cold or flu.
If you experience these symptoms, especially after potential exposure, testing is recommended. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests are highly accurate and detect viral genetic material, while rapid antigen tests can provide quicker results by detecting specific viral proteins. Rapid antigen tests are widely available for home use and can be particularly helpful for quick screening. It is generally advised to seek testing if you develop symptoms consistent with COVID-19, or if you have been in close contact with someone confirmed to have the virus. Testing locations can often be found through local public health websites or healthcare providers.
Protection and Medical Care
Protecting yourself from the new Omicron variants involves a combination of vaccination and public health measures. Updated COVID-19 vaccines, including bivalent boosters, are designed to target both the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and Omicron subvariants, offering protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. While vaccination may not prevent all infections, it significantly reduces the risk of serious outcomes.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions continue to play a role in reducing transmission. Wearing a high-quality mask, especially in crowded indoor settings, can help prevent the spread of respiratory droplets. Maintaining good ventilation in indoor spaces, practicing hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick are also beneficial. If you test positive for COVID-19, it is generally recommended to isolate to prevent further spread.
For those who develop COVID-19, medical care and treatment options are available. Antiviral medications, such as Paxlovid, can be prescribed for eligible individuals at high risk of severe disease, particularly if taken early in the course of illness. Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for symptom relief, is also important. It is advisable to seek medical attention if symptoms worsen, including difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, new confusion, or inability to wake or stay awake. Contacting a healthcare provider can help determine the appropriate course of action based on individual circumstances and risk factors.