Mulberry leaf extract comes from the leaves of the mulberry tree, specifically species like white mulberry (Morus alba). Native to China, the white mulberry tree is now found globally in temperate and tropical climates. For thousands of years, its leaves, fruit, and root bark have been used in traditional practices, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), highlighting its cultural significance.
Key Bioactive Compounds in Mulberry Leaf
Mulberry leaf extract contains a rich array of bioactive compounds. A primary compound is 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar that structurally resembles glucose. This similarity allows DNJ to interact with enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
The leaves also contain flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid. The total content of these phenolic compounds and flavonoids correlates with the extract’s antioxidant activity, helping to combat oxidative stress.
Health Applications of Mulberry Leaf Extract
Mulberry leaf extract supports blood sugar control. Its primary mechanism involves 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which inhibits alpha-glucosidase. This enzyme in the small intestine breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars for absorption. By inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, DNJ slows carbohydrate digestion and absorption, helping to reduce post-meal blood glucose and insulin levels. Studies show it can reduce postprandial glucose and insulin spikes, sometimes by over 40%.
The extract also shows potential for cardiovascular health by influencing cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Research suggests it may reduce total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, while potentially increasing HDL cholesterol. This effect may be linked to the extract’s ability to modulate lipid metabolism and inhibit cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Anti-atherosclerotic effects, which involve preventing plaque buildup in arteries, have also been observed in animal studies.
Mulberry leaf extract exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These properties help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, factors in various chronic conditions. While promising, many studies, especially those on long-term effects and specific mechanisms in humans, are still preliminary and require further clinical trials.
Forms and Recommended Dosage
Mulberry leaf extract is available in various commercial forms, including capsules, powders, and teas. Teas are often consumed for general wellness, while capsules and powders allow for more controlled dosing for specific health goals.
There is no universally standardized dosage, as concentrations of active compounds like DNJ vary between products. However, studies and product labels often suggest a general range of 250 to 1,000 mg taken once or twice daily, or up to 4.6 grams per day, sometimes divided and consumed before meals. Always adhere to the specific instructions on the product label or consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
Safety and Potential Interactions
Mulberry leaf extract is generally considered safe for most people when used for up to 12 weeks. Common, mild side effects can occur, including gastrointestinal discomfort such as gas, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. These effects are often related to DNJ’s mechanism of slowing carbohydrate digestion.
Potential drug interactions are a concern, especially with medications for diabetes. Since mulberry leaf extract can lower blood sugar, combining it with anti-diabetic drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar). Individuals with diabetes should monitor their blood sugar closely and consult a healthcare provider before use. Caution is also advised for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals due to limited safety information. Those scheduled for surgery should discuss mulberry leaf extract use with their doctor, as it might interact with medications or affect blood sugar control.