Mouth larva, known in medical terms as oral myiasis, is an infestation of the mouth’s soft tissues by the immature larvae of certain fly species. This condition is rare in humans and occurs when flies deposit their eggs into the oral cavity, which then hatch into larvae. The presence of these larvae can lead to discomfort and tissue damage, and the condition is most frequently reported in tropical and subtropical climates.
Causes and Risk Factors of Oral Myiasis
Oral myiasis happens when flies, such as the screwworm fly or blowfly, lay eggs in or around the mouth that hatch into larvae, commonly known as maggots. These larvae then invade the oral tissues. The infestation is almost always linked to specific predisposing factors that create an attractive environment for flies.
Poor oral hygiene creates a space where bacteria can flourish, producing odors that attract flies, especially with decaying tissue from untreated dental problems. Any open wound in the mouth, such as sores from trauma or recent tooth extraction sites, can serve as a direct entry point for larvae. People who consistently breathe through their mouths, particularly during sleep, may also be at higher risk as this allows flies easier access.
Individuals with a weakened immune system due to conditions like diabetes, malnutrition, or cancer are more susceptible. It is also seen more often in the elderly, those with physical or mental disabilities that impair their ability to maintain personal hygiene, and individuals with chronic alcoholism. Living in or traveling to tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and large fly populations is another risk factor.
Signs and Medical Diagnosis
One of the most distinct signs of oral myiasis is the sensation of movement or a crawling feeling within the gums, palate, or other oral tissues. Visible evidence of small, worm-like larvae may also be present. The area will become swollen and inflamed, leading to localized pain that can range from mild irritation to severe discomfort.
A strong, foul odor coming from the mouth is common, a result of tissue decay caused by the feeding larvae. In some instances, there may be bleeding or the discharge of pus from the affected site. The presence of lesions, ulcers, or necrotic (dead) gum tissue that appears discolored are also common indicators.
Diagnosing oral myiasis is a direct process. A doctor or dentist can confirm the condition through a visual examination of the oral cavity. The presence of larvae within the mouth’s tissues is the definitive diagnostic sign, so no complex testing is required.
Treatment and Prevention Strategies
The primary treatment for oral myiasis involves the mechanical removal of all larvae from the oral cavity. A healthcare professional will use tools like sterile tweezers or suction devices to extract each larva from the infested tissue. In some cases, substances such as mineral oil may be applied topically to immobilize the larvae and encourage them to surface, making them easier to remove.
Antiseptic mouthwashes are often prescribed to irrigate the wound and reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infections. If a bacterial infection is already present or considered likely, a course of antibiotics will be administered. For some cases, an anti-parasitic medication like ivermectin may be used to ensure all larvae are killed.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, is important to keeping the mouth clean and unattractive to flies. It is also important to seek prompt dental care for any open sores, severe decay, or extraction wounds. For vulnerable individuals, caregivers should ensure proper hygiene is maintained and that living spaces are protected from flies with screens or netting.