Morning Glory Eye Syndrome is a rare congenital malformation of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. The name comes from the optic disc’s resemblance to a morning glory flower. This condition is present at birth and impacts only one eye. This anomaly can also signal other health concerns, making a complete medical evaluation important for those affected.
Causes and Physical Characteristics
Morning Glory Eye Syndrome (MGES) arises during fetal development due to the improper formation of the optic stalk and disc. While the precise trigger is unknown, it is not considered a hereditary condition. Research suggests it may stem from the incomplete closure of a structure called the fetal fissure during gestation.
An ophthalmologist viewing the back of the eye will see a large, funnel-shaped excavation where the optic nerve should be. In the center of this depression is a small tuft of white tissue known as glial tissue. Another defining feature is the unusual pattern of the retinal blood vessels, which radiate from the edges of the funnel-like structure instead of the center, mimicking flower petals.
Diagnosis and Impact on Vision
Diagnosis of Morning Glory Eye Syndrome is made through a comprehensive dilated eye examination, allowing an ophthalmologist a clear view of the malformed optic nerve. In young children, initial signs that prompt an exam are often noticeable vision problems. These can include strabismus (misaligned eyes) or poor vision detected during a routine screening.
The effect of MGES on sight varies significantly. Some individuals may only have a mild reduction in visual acuity, while for others, the impact can be severe, leading to significant vision loss in the affected eye. Visual field defects, or blind spots in peripheral vision, are also a common consequence.
Associated Systemic Conditions
The presence of Morning Glory Eye Syndrome can be linked to other health issues, particularly those involving midline structures of the face and brain. A diagnosis of MGES prompts a broader medical investigation to check for related systemic conditions. A significant concern is the association with cerebrovascular abnormalities, such as Moyamoya disease, a condition where arteries at the base of the brain are blocked.
Another potential association is with basal encephalocele, a rare condition where there is a protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the skull base. To screen for these and other potential neurological issues, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan is recommended.
Managing Eye-Related Complications
While the developmental malformation of the optic nerve cannot be reversed, management focuses on addressing eye-related complications and maximizing vision. The primary goal is to support the affected eye through regular monitoring by an ophthalmologist. Corrective lenses may be prescribed to help with refractive errors like nearsightedness.
A common complication is amblyopia, or “lazy eye,” where the brain favors the stronger eye, causing vision in the weaker eye to decrease. The standard treatment is occlusion therapy, which involves patching the stronger eye to force the brain to use and strengthen the affected eye. Individuals with MGES also have a heightened risk of developing a serous retinal detachment, where fluid builds up behind the retina. This condition requires ongoing surveillance and may necessitate surgical intervention to prevent permanent vision loss.