Micro seizures refer to brief, subtle changes in brain activity not obvious. These episodes can still impact an individual’s awareness or physical function, even if they are not as dramatic as more generalized seizures. Recognizing these subtle signs is important for understanding neurological events.
Understanding Micro Seizures
The term “micro seizure” is not a formal medical diagnosis but refers to specific types of seizures characterized by short duration and inconspicuous presentation. Medically, this encompasses absence seizures, also known as “petit mal” seizures, and focal aware seizures, previously called “simple partial seizures.” Both types involve abnormal electrical activity within the brain, temporarily disrupting normal brain function.
Absence seizures involve a sudden, brief lapse of consciousness where the person may appear to be staring blankly into space. These generalized seizures begin simultaneously in both sides of the brain, causing a momentary disruption lasting from a few seconds to up to 30 seconds. Focal aware seizures, however, originate in a limited area of one side of the brain while the individual remains fully awake and aware of their surroundings. The specific symptoms depend on the brain region where the abnormal electrical activity occurs.
Recognizing the Signs
The signs are subtle and can be easily overlooked or mistaken for inattention or daydreaming. During an absence seizure, a person may suddenly stop their activity, stare blankly, and sometimes exhibit subtle movements like eyelid fluttering, lip smacking, or chewing motions. These episodes last less than 10 to 20 seconds, and the individual returns to normal activity immediately afterward, often with no memory of the event.
Focal aware seizures manifest differently, depending on the brain area affected. Symptoms can include localized muscle twitching, such as in an arm or leg, or sensory disturbances like unusual smells, tastes, or flashing lights. Some individuals may experience a sudden, intense emotion like fear or a rising sensation in the stomach, often referred to as an “aura.” Despite these occurrences, the person remains conscious and can recall the experience.
What Causes Micro Seizures
Seizure activity arises from abnormal electrical discharges within brain cells. Various factors can disrupt the brain’s normal electrical rhythms, leading to these episodes. Genetic predispositions play a role, as certain inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing seizures.
Brain injuries, whether from trauma, stroke, or complications during birth, are common causes of seizure activity. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis can inflame the brain and disrupt its electrical stability. Developmental disorders and malformations of cortical development, which involve abnormal brain tissue formation, can contribute to seizures. In many cases, particularly with absence seizures, no specific identifiable cause is found.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis begins with a thorough medical history and a neurological examination to assess a person’s motor abilities and mental function. A key diagnostic tool is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which records the brain’s electrical activity to detect abnormal patterns characteristic of seizures. While an EEG can reveal seizure activity, a normal result does not rule out seizures, as activity may not occur during the test.
To identify underlying causes, imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may be performed. An MRI offers detailed images of brain structures and can reveal subtle abnormalities like developmental scars or changes from injuries or tumors. Once diagnosed, management primarily involves anti-seizure medications, which help stabilize brain electrical activity. For absence seizures, ethosuximide is the first-line treatment, with valproic acid and lamotrigine as other options. Lifestyle adjustments, such as ensuring adequate sleep and managing stress, can support seizure control.