Mangostin is a naturally occurring polyphenol compound, specifically a type of xanthone, which is isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree, Garcinia mangostana. It is characterized by its xanthone core structure. The highest concentration of mangostin is typically found in the outer rind, or pericarp, of the fruit. This compound has drawn attention due to its presence in certain over-the-counter products, though it is not recognized as an approved drug.
The Natural Source of Mangostin
The mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana, is a tropical fruit known for its slightly sweet and sour taste. It is often called the “Queen of Fruits” due to its pleasant flavor and traditional medicinal uses. It is native to Southeast Asia, with cultivation prevalent in countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Thailand.
The fruit is dark reddish-purple when ripe, with a thick rind and juicy white inner flesh that is commonly eaten. However, the primary source of mangostin and other beneficial xanthones is not the edible flesh but the tough, bitter, purple outer rind. The pericarp has a long history of traditional use in Southeast Asian folk medicine, where it was applied to treat various ailments such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, infected wounds, and chronic ulcers.
Biological Activities and Research
Mangostin, particularly alpha-mangostin (α-mangostin), has been extensively studied for its biological activities, primarily its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As an antioxidant, mangostin helps to neutralize unstable molecules called free radicals, which are linked to various chronic diseases. It increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces markers of oxidative stress.
Regarding its anti-inflammatory effects, mangostin modulates signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses. Research indicates that alpha-mangostin can suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, decrease inflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Most of this research has been conducted in vitro or in animal models. While these studies suggest potential benefits, their relevance to humans after oral administration requires further investigation.
Preliminary research also explores other areas, including antimicrobial, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. However, these findings are still emerging and have not yet been confirmed through extensive human clinical trials.
Forms, Supplements, and Usage
Mangostin can be consumed in various forms, though the whole fruit’s inner flesh is typically eaten fresh for its flavor. The tough outer rind is not usually consumed fresh due to its bitterness. Instead, the pericarp is processed to create various products.
Mangostin is commonly found in juices, powders, and encapsulated extracts. Supplements are almost always derived from the pericarp to concentrate the active compounds. These processed forms offer a practical way for consumers to access the compounds from the rind. While fresh mangosteen fruit can be difficult to find due to its short season and may be expensive, canned, frozen, or supplemental forms are more widely available.
Safety and Considerations
There is currently no official standardized dosage for mangostin supplements, and clinical data supporting specific dosing recommendations are limited. When taken by mouth, mangosteen is possibly safe for use up to 12 weeks. Reported side effects are mild and can include digestive upset and tiredness.
Potential drug interactions are a consideration due to mangostin’s biological effects. Mangosteen might slow blood clotting, which could increase the risk of bruising and bleeding, especially when taken with medications that also slow blood clotting. For this reason, it is often recommended to stop taking mangosteen at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery.
Mangosteen products, due to their antioxidant activity, may also interfere with certain chemotherapy drugs. Additionally, it might increase the effects of some medications.
Individuals with bleeding disorders, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or those undergoing chemotherapy should exercise caution. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any mangostin supplement, especially if taking other medications or having pre-existing health conditions.