Losing your sense of taste, a condition known as ageusia, is the disruption of a primary sense. It can range from a muted perception of flavors to a complete inability to taste anything. This change can affect a person’s quality of life by diminishing the enjoyment of food and drink.
The Science of Taste and Its Disruption
The process of taste begins on the tongue, which is covered in tiny bumps called papillae that contain taste buds. These taste buds have receptor cells designed to detect five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. When molecules from food dissolve in saliva, they bind to these receptors, which then generate nerve signals.
These signals travel to the brain, where they are interpreted as distinct tastes. However, what we call “flavor” is a complex sensation that also relies on our sense of smell. The aroma of food contributes to its perceived flavor, which is why a stuffy nose can make food seem bland. A disruption anywhere along this pathway can lead to a diminished or total loss of taste.
Common Causes of Taste Loss
One of the most frequent reasons for losing taste is an upper respiratory infection. Viruses like the common cold, influenza, and COVID-19 can cause inflammation in the nasal passages, which impacts the sense of smell and, consequently, taste. For many with COVID-19, taste loss is an early symptom. Other causes include:
- Certain medications, including some antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and blood pressure medications
- Smoking, which can damage the sensitive taste buds
- Poor oral hygiene and gum disease
- Head injuries that damage nerves
- Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease
Regaining Your Sense of Taste
When taste loss is due to an illness like a cold or flu, the sense often returns as the body recovers. The most effective strategy is to address the root cause, which could mean treating an infection, managing allergies, or improving oral hygiene. If a medication is the suspected cause, a doctor may suggest an alternative.
You should consult a doctor if the loss of taste is sudden, unexplained, persists for more than a few weeks, or follows a head injury. A healthcare provider can diagnose the underlying issue and rule out more serious health concerns.