Chrysanthemums, commonly called “mums,” are diverse flowering plants known for their vibrant autumn blooms. These popular ornamentals add a spectrum of colors and forms to gardens and floral arrangements. Their appeal comes from their varied appearances and ability to thrive in many environments.
Botanical Profile
Chrysanthemums belong to the Asteraceae family, also known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family. This large plant family features composite flower heads, where what appears to be a single flower is actually a cluster of tiny individual florets. The outer part of the flower head consists of ray florets, resembling petals, while the inner part is composed of disc florets. Chrysanthemum plants grow as herbaceous perennials, reaching heights of 2 to 4 feet, and feature aromatic, deeply lobed leaves.
A Rich History and Cultural Significance
Origins in China
Chrysanthemums originated in East Asia, primarily China, first cultivated in the 15th century BCE. Centuries of cultivation led to thousands of distinct varieties. The flower holds significant cultural symbolism in China, considered one of the “Four Gentlemen” in art and representing autumn.
Global Spread and Symbolism
From China, chrysanthemums journeyed to Japan in the 8th century CE, quickly intertwining with Japanese culture. The Japanese Imperial Seal features a chrysanthemum, and the flower is Japan’s national emblem. Japan celebrates a “Festival of Happiness” dedicated to the chrysanthemum. The flower eventually made its way to Europe in the 17th century and later to the Americas by the late 18th century.
Varieties and Forms
Chrysanthemums exhibit extensive diversity, with thousands of cultivars displaying a wide range of flower forms, sizes, and colors. These forms are primarily categorized by the arrangement and shape of their petals, or ray florets. Common classifications include single forms, resembling daisies with a central eye and radiating petals, and pompon types, with small, dense, nearly globular flowers. Other distinct forms include incurved types, where petals curve inward, and reflexed forms, with petals curving outward. Quill chrysanthemums feature long, straight, tubular petals, while spider types have long, thin, tubular petals that may be hooked at the ends.
Growers distinguish between “garden hardy” varieties, which can overwinter outdoors, and “exhibition” or “florist” types, which require specialized care for their larger, showier blooms.
Cultivation and Care Essentials
Environmental Needs
Chrysanthemum cultivation requires the right environment. These plants thrive in full sun, ideally receiving at least six hours of direct sunlight daily; some afternoon shade benefits hotter climates. Well-drained soil is important, as chrysanthemums do not tolerate soggy conditions that lead to root rot. Incorporating organic matter improves drainage and fertility. Regular watering is necessary, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
Maintenance Practices
Pinching, which involves removing young stem tips, encourages bushier plants and more blooms. Deadheading, or removing spent flowers, redirects the plant’s energy towards new blooms and extends the flowering period.
Diverse Applications
Culinary and Beverage Uses
Beyond their ornamental appeal, chrysanthemums offer various practical applications. Their flowers are edible; certain varieties, like Garland chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum coronarium), are cultivated for leafy greens and succulent stems, known as Shungiku in some Asian cultures. Chrysanthemum flowers are frequently used to make a popular herbal tea, especially in Asia, known for its mild, floral flavor.
Medicinal and Pest Control
Historically, chrysanthemum tea has been consumed for potential medicinal purposes, including aiding recovery from influenza and reducing inflammation. The plants also contain natural compounds called pyrethrins, used as a source for eco-friendly insecticides that deter common garden pests.