Khat, scientifically known as Catha edulis, is a flowering plant indigenous to East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Cultivated for centuries, its presence is deeply rooted in these regions. In Ethiopia, khat has been widely used since at least the thirteenth century, becoming a notable part of daily life for many communities.
The Plant and Its Use
The Catha edulis plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach several meters in height, though it is often kept shorter when cultivated as a crop. Its fresh leaves are glossy and can appear crimson-brown, while older leaves may turn yellow-green and become leathery. The plant contains active compounds, primarily cathinone and cathine, which are chemically similar to amphetamines and produce stimulant effects.
Cathinone is the main psychoactive component found in the young leaves and shoots, responsible for the initial stimulating effects. As the leaves mature or dry, cathinone degrades into cathine, a milder stimulant. This chemical instability explains why fresh leaves are preferred for consumption, often wrapped in banana leaves to maintain their freshness.
Consumption involves chewing fresh leaves and tender twigs, holding them in the cheek to release active ingredients into saliva. Users swallow the juice and may spit out the fibrous residue. Effects, which begin within about an hour, include increased alertness, euphoria, heightened energy, and improved concentration.
Khat’s Role in Ethiopian Culture and Economy
Khat holds a deep cultural and social presence in Ethiopia, integrated into daily life for centuries. It is commonly used in social gatherings, facilitating conversation and fostering community bonding. In some communities, it is offered to guests as a gesture of welcome.
Beyond social functions, khat reduces hunger and fatigue, and increases vigilance during long working hours or academic studies. Its consumption is also interwoven with specific religious rituals and ceremonies in some Muslim communities within Ethiopia.
Economically, khat cultivation and trade play a significant role in Ethiopia, particularly in eastern and southern regions. It has emerged as a major cash crop, providing a primary source of income for millions of farmers and traders. In some areas, khat accounts for a substantial portion of farmers’ earnings, generating up to 70% of farm income.
Khat’s economic advantages include multiple annual harvests, unlike coffee which yields once. It also requires less water, making it a resilient option in drought-prone areas. As a result, khat has become Ethiopia’s second-largest export earner after coffee, contributing significantly to local and national economies.
Health Implications of Khat
Khat use is associated with a range of short-term and long-term health effects. Immediately after consumption, users may experience physiological changes such as increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure. Acute effects also include insomnia, reduced appetite, and increased talkativeness. Some individuals may feel restless or irritable as effects wear off.
Over time, chronic khat use can lead to persistent health issues. Common dental problems include gum disease, teeth staining, and oral mucosal ulcers. Gastrointestinal complaints such as constipation, gastritis, and stomach ulcers are also reported among regular chewers. Prolonged use may carry cardiovascular risks, including hypertension and an increased risk of myocardial infarction.
Psychologically, chronic khat abuse can contribute to psychological dependence. Users may experience mood disturbances, anxiety, and in some cases, psychotic reactions resembling amphetamine psychosis. Additional long-term effects include physical exhaustion, liver problems, and fertility issues such as impotence in males.
Regulation and Control in Ethiopia
The legal status of khat in Ethiopia is distinct from many other countries. While cathinone, an active component, is internationally recognized as a controlled substance, khat itself generally remains legal for cultivation, sale, and consumption within Ethiopia. This allows for its widespread production and trade without explicit prohibition.
Despite its legality, the Ethiopian government implements some regulations, such as excise taxes on khat consumption. Discussions within the country balance its economic benefits against potential health and social concerns. Some proposals include managing supply, restricting sale to certain ages, or regulating places of use.
Ethiopia stands as a leading global producer of khat, with production expanding significantly over recent decades. This highlights a unique domestic policy allowing the plant to thrive as an agricultural commodity, even as many other nations have criminalized its sale and use. The country’s approach reflects a complex interplay of historical, social, and economic factors.