Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid, less recognized than EPA and DHA, yet present in various dietary sources, especially marine animals. Research suggests DPA contributes to overall health and functions within the body. Its unique properties within the omega-3 family highlight its significance.
Understanding DPA Omega-3
DPA is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with 22 carbon atoms and five double bonds. Its “n-3” or “omega-3” designation means the first double bond is at the third carbon atom from the methyl end of the chain.
DPA functions as an intermediate in the metabolic pathway that converts alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into EPA and then into DHA. EPA can be elongated to DPA, which is subsequently converted to DHA by an enzyme called Δ4-desaturase.
While EPA and DHA are extensively studied, DPA possesses distinct biological activities. It is considered a reservoir for EPA and DHA within tissues, meaning it can be converted back to these fatty acids as the body requires them. This contributes to the body’s overall omega-3 supply.
Key Health Contributions of DPA
DPA plays a role in various aspects of human health, including modulating inflammation and supporting cardiovascular function. DPA reduces platelet aggregation, which helps prevent blood clot formation. This effect is reported to be more effective than that of EPA or DHA.
DPA also contributes to cardiovascular health by improving aortic function and lipid metabolism. Studies indicate that DPA levels in blood platelets may be inversely related to myocardial infarction risk. Its presence in the diet and tissues suggests a beneficial influence on heart health, working alongside other omega-3s.
Beyond cardiovascular benefits, DPA supports neurological function and immune responses. Higher levels of DPA in mothers’ breast milk and plasma have been associated with a lower incidence of allergic diseases, such as asthma and eczema, in their infants. This indicates an impact on immune system development and regulation, contributing to a balanced inflammatory response.
Where to Find DPA and How to Get Enough
DPA is present in various dietary sources, primarily marine animals. Oily fish like salmon, mackerel, and herring contain DPA, though at lower concentrations than EPA and DHA. Seal oil is a rich source, where DPA can represent approximately 5% of total fatty acids.
Beyond marine sources, grass-fed beef can also provide DPA; some cuts like lamb liver contain around 140 mg per 100g. For individuals not consuming enough fish, fish oil supplements can serve as a source of DPA, alongside EPA and DHA. While DPA levels in most fish oils are lower, specialized DPA-concentrated products are becoming available.
Ensuring adequate intake of omega-3s, including DPA, involves a balanced diet incorporating these sources. Although the body can synthesize some DPA from ALA, this conversion is limited, making dietary intake of preformed DPA beneficial. Incorporating DPA-rich foods or considering supplementation, if dietary intake is insufficient, can help maintain healthy omega-3 levels.