Kava is a plant native to the Pacific Islands, where a beverage made from its roots has a long history of use in social and ceremonial traditions. Known botanically as Piper methysticum, its active compounds are called kavalactones, which are responsible for its effects on the central nervous system.
The Desired Psychological and Physical Sensations
Kava’s primary appeal is the feeling of relaxation and mental calmness it produces. Users report a reduction in anxiety and stress without the cognitive impairment associated with alcohol. This makes it a popular choice for social situations because it can promote talkativeness and a sense of well-being, often described as a clear-headed tranquility.
These psychological effects are accompanied by physical sensations. A prominent effect is muscle relaxation, which alleviates physical tension throughout the body. Some users also experience a mild numbing sensation in the mouth and throat shortly after consumption.
These sensations are caused by kavalactones, which interact with signaling pathways in the brain. A primary mechanism is their influence on the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) system. Kavalactones modulate GABA-A receptors, which calms nerve activity, leading to relaxation and reduced anxiety.
Potential Unwanted Reactions and Side Effects
While sought for relaxation, kava can produce unwanted short-term reactions. In larger doses, individuals might experience reduced muscle control (ataxia) and visual disturbances. These effects are temporary and subside as the kava is metabolized. Common side effects include:
- Drowsiness
- Dizziness
- Headache
- An upset stomach or nausea
Long-term, heavy consumption carries a risk of liver toxicity. In the early 2000s, reports of severe liver damage, including some fatalities, were linked to kava use. Investigation suggested these cases were related to extracts made with alcohol or acetone, or the inclusion of the plant’s leaves and stems, which contain liver-harming compounds. While the risk is rare with traditionally prepared water-based extracts from the root, the potential for liver injury remains a subject of scientific attention.
Another condition from chronic and heavy kava use is kava dermopathy, a dry, scaly, and flaky rash on the skin. The skin can take on a reddened or yellowish appearance, distinct from the jaundice associated with liver problems. This dermatological issue is reversible and disappears once kava consumption is stopped.
Duration and Influencing Factors
The effects of kava are felt quickly, with an onset of 20 to 30 minutes after consumption. The sensations of relaxation and calmness peak within the first couple of hours, and the experience lasts for a few hours in total. The specific timeline can vary significantly from person to person.
Several factors influence the intensity and duration of kava’s effects. The dosage is a primary determinant, with larger amounts producing stronger effects. The specific strain, or chemotype, of the kava plant also plays a part. Some varieties are more “heady,” producing psychological sensations, while others are “heavy,” yielding more muscle relaxation and sedation.
The preparation method is another variable. Traditionally, kava is prepared by grinding the root and mixing it with water. Modern preparations can include micronized powders for quicker absorption, or concentrated extracts and capsules. These may result in a different profile of effects compared to the traditional beverage.
Important Safety Considerations and Interactions
Certain individuals should avoid kava due to potential health risks. People with pre-existing liver conditions, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, should not use it, as kava may exacerbate these problems. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should also abstain, as its chemical constituents may affect the uterus or pass into breast milk.
A significant safety concern is kava’s interaction with other substances, particularly those that depress the central nervous system. Combining kava with alcohol is strongly discouraged, as this combination can increase the strain on the liver and the risk of liver damage. This mixture also amplifies drowsiness and impairment.
Caution is necessary when using kava alongside sedative medications. Drugs such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or some sleep aids can have their effects magnified by kava, leading to excessive sleepiness and slowed breathing. Individuals taking any medication that affects the liver or central nervous system should consult a healthcare professional before considering kava use.