Isoliquiritigenin is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in certain plants. It belongs to a broad group of substances known as flavonoids, which are plant-derived compounds recognized for their diverse structures. This compound is specifically categorized as a chalcone, a distinct type within the flavonoid family.
Natural Sources and Chemical Identity
Isoliquiritigenin is primarily found in the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza species, such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is a main active component extracted from licorice root and is also present in other natural sources like shallots.
Chemically, isoliquiritigenin is a chalcone, specifically 4,20,40-trihydroxychalcone. Chalcones are an open-chain subclass of flavonoids, differing from the more common closed-ring flavonoid structures.
Investigated Biological Activities
Isoliquiritigenin has been studied for its biological activities in laboratory and animal models. Research focuses on its antioxidant properties, showing its capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells and protect against oxidative stress.
It also possesses anti-inflammatory effects, modulating inflammatory responses.
Isoliquiritigenin has been investigated for its ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity, an enzyme involved in melanin production. By suppressing this enzyme, it has demonstrated skin-lightening properties in preclinical models. Studies have also explored its effects against various cancer cells, including those of the prostate, breast, and liver, by inhibiting cell viability and proliferation.
How Isoliquiritigenin Works in the Body
The biological activities of isoliquiritigenin are linked to its interactions with specific molecular pathways within the body. Its anti-inflammatory effects, for instance, are associated with the modulation of signaling pathways like NF-κB. By influencing these pathways, isoliquiritigenin can help to regulate the production of inflammatory mediators, thereby dampening inflammatory responses.
Regarding its antioxidant properties, isoliquiritigenin has been shown to activate the Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a transcription factor responsible for regulating the expression of numerous antioxidant genes. By activating Nrf2, isoliquiritigenin enhances the cell’s natural defense system against oxidative stress, leading to a reduction in harmful reactive oxygen species.
Its reported skin-lightening effects are attributed to its direct inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase. This enzyme plays a central role in the biosynthesis of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. By interfering with tyrosinase activity, isoliquiritigenin can reduce melanin production, leading to a lightening effect.
Current Research and Commercial Availability
Isoliquiritigenin is present in various commercial products, often as a component of licorice root extracts. These extracts are commonly found in skincare formulations, where their skin-lightening and soothing properties are utilized. It is also included in some dietary supplements, typically as part of a multi-ingredient botanical blend.
Much of the scientific understanding of isoliquiritigenin stems from laboratory and animal studies. While these preclinical investigations demonstrate promising biological activities, large-scale human clinical trials are limited. Further research involving human subjects is needed to establish its efficacy, appropriate dosages, and safety profile for various applications.