Testicular cancer is a condition where malignant cells form in the tissues of one or both testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. These organs, located in the scrotum, produce male hormones and sperm. While most testicular cancer cases are not directly inherited, a family history of the disease can increase an individual’s risk.
Understanding the Hereditary Link
Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon, yet a family history of the disease can play a role in an individual’s susceptibility. If a first-degree relative, such as a father or a brother, has had testicular cancer, the risk for other family members can increase. For instance, a brother’s risk might be 8 to 12 times higher, and a son’s risk 2 to 4 times higher, than the general population.
Despite this increased risk, having a family history does not guarantee the development of testicular cancer. The disease remains rare overall, and most cases occur without any known family history. The inherited risk is thought to involve multiple genes with small to modest effects, rather than a single high-risk gene mutation.
Genetic Predisposition and Specific Risks
Genetic factors contribute to the risk of testicular cancer, extending beyond a simple family history. Certain genetic syndromes, such as Klinefelter syndrome, demonstrate a clear association. Males with Klinefelter syndrome, characterized by an XXY chromosome arrangement instead of the typical XY, have an increased risk of developing germ cell tumors, particularly extragonadal germ cell tumors.
Navigating a Family History
Individuals with a family history of testicular cancer can take proactive steps to monitor their health. Regular testicular self-examinations are an important practice, allowing men to become familiar with the normal feel of their testicles and detect any changes early. The best time to perform this examination is after a warm bath or shower, as the scrotal skin is relaxed.
During a self-examination, hold the penis out of the way and examine each testicle separately by gently rolling it between the thumb and fingers. Look and feel for any hard lumps, nodules, or changes in size, shape, or consistency. While self-exams are beneficial, it is also important to discuss any family history with a doctor and undergo regular medical check-ups, which may include physician-performed examinations. A family history increases risk, but it does not mean cancer is inevitable.
Non-Genetic Risk Factors
Beyond genetics, several other factors can influence the likelihood of developing testicular cancer. Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth, is a significant non-hereditary risk factor. Even if surgically corrected, the risk persists, suggesting an underlying abnormality in the testicle itself. The risk is higher for testicles that remain in the abdomen compared to those in the groin.
A personal history of testicular cancer in one testicle also increases the risk of developing it in the other, with about 3% to 4% of men experiencing this. Age plays a role, with most cases occurring in young men, typically between 20 and 34 years old. Additionally, race and ethnicity are factors; white men have a higher incidence of testicular cancer compared to men of other racial backgrounds. Studies also suggest that HIV infection, especially in individuals with AIDS, can elevate the risk of developing testicular seminoma.