Blood tests are a primary method for diagnosing mononucleosis, commonly known as mono. This common infectious disease is primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpes virus family. It often affects teenagers and young adults, though it can occur in children.
Recognizing Mononucleosis Symptoms and Transmission
Symptoms of mono include extreme fatigue, a persistent sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin. Headaches, loss of appetite, and muscle aches can also occur.
The Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mono, is highly contagious and primarily spreads through bodily fluids, especially saliva. This is why it is sometimes referred to as the “kissing disease.” While kissing is a common transmission route, sharing drinks, food, or utensils can also spread the virus. Symptoms typically appear about four to six weeks after exposure to the virus, though this incubation period can vary.
Diagnostic Testing for Mono
Diagnosis often begins with a Monospot test, also known as a heterophile antibody test. This rapid blood test checks for specific antibodies the immune system produces in response to infections like mono. While convenient for quick results, the Monospot test can yield false negatives, especially early in the illness.
When a Monospot test is negative but symptoms persist, or to confirm a diagnosis, healthcare providers may order Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antibody tests. These tests are more specific and can identify different types of antibodies, such as VCA-IgM and VCA-IgG, to determine if an infection is recent or occurred in the past. For instance, the presence of IgM antibodies against EBV indicates a recent infection, while IgG antibodies suggest a past exposure. A complete blood count (CBC) may also be performed, which can reveal an increased number of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, indicating an infection.
Recovery and Management
Following a mono diagnosis, managing symptoms involves supportive care. Rest helps the body recover from fatigue. Staying hydrated and using over-the-counter pain relievers can help alleviate fever and body aches.
It is important for individuals with mono to avoid strenuous activities, particularly contact sports, due to the risk of spleen enlargement. An enlarged spleen is vulnerable to rupture, a serious complication that can occur with physical impact. Since mono is a viral infection, antibiotics are ineffective and are not prescribed for treatment.