Monkeypox, now officially referred to as mpox, is a viral disease that garnered significant global attention. This article clarifies how the virus spreads, addressing its classification as a sexually transmitted infection.
Understanding Monkeypox
Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a type of orthopoxvirus that shares similarities with the smallpox virus. It is considered a zoonotic disease, meaning it can transmit from animals to humans, and is endemic to certain regions in Central and West Africa where small rodents and non-human primates may carry the virus. The first human case was recorded in 1970.
The illness typically begins with general symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, and low energy, often accompanied by swollen lymph nodes. Following these initial symptoms, a characteristic rash develops, which can appear on various parts of the body, including the face, hands, feet, chest, or genital areas. This rash progresses through several stages, from flat spots to fluid-filled blisters that eventually scab over and fall off, usually within two to four weeks.
How Monkeypox Spreads
Mpox primarily spreads through close contact with an infected person, from the time symptoms begin until the rash has fully healed. Direct contact with the infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids of someone with mpox can lead to transmission. This includes skin-to-skin contact, such as touching or engaging in sexual activity.
The virus can also spread through prolonged face-to-face contact via respiratory secretions, particularly during intimate physical contact like kissing or cuddling. Additionally, contact with objects or fabrics, such as clothing, bedding, or towels, that have been used by an infected person can transmit the virus. In some instances, the virus can pass from a pregnant person to their fetus during pregnancy or to a newborn during or after birth.
Is Monkeypox a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)?
Mpox can be transmitted during sexual activity, yet it is not classified as an STI in the same traditional sense as infections like gonorrhea or syphilis. The distinction lies in the primary mode of transmission; while STIs are typically spread exclusively or predominantly through sexual fluids or direct sexual contact, mpox spreads through close physical contact, regardless of the nature of that contact. Public health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), acknowledge that sexual contact is a common way mpox spreads because it involves extensive skin-to-skin contact, but they do not categorize it strictly as an STI.
The virus is transmitted through direct contact with lesions, scabs, or body fluids, which often occurs during intimate activities. While sexual activity facilitates transmission, the virus itself is not primarily transmitted through semen or vaginal fluids like traditional STIs. This means non-sexual close physical interactions can also lead to transmission if there is contact with infectious lesions or materials.
Protecting Yourself and Others
Avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact with individuals who have a rash that resembles mpox is a primary preventive measure. This includes refraining from touching their rash or scabs and avoiding intimate physical contact such as kissing, hugging, cuddling, or sexual activity.
It is also important to avoid contact with objects or fabrics that an infected person has used, such as bedding, towels, and clothing. Practicing good hand hygiene, including frequent washing with soap and water, can further reduce the risk of transmission. If you suspect you have been exposed to mpox or develop symptoms, it is advisable to isolate yourself and contact a healthcare provider for guidance and testing.