Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, are the last set of adult teeth to emerge, typically appearing between the ages of 17 and 25. They are located at the very back of the mouth, with two on the top and two on the bottom. While some individuals experience no issues, others face a common dilemma regarding whether to keep them or have them removed, a decision often guided by oral health concerns.
Common Reasons for Wisdom Teeth Removal
Dental professionals frequently recommend wisdom tooth extraction due to various issues that can compromise oral health. A common problem is impaction, where the wisdom tooth does not fully erupt through the gum line, often because there isn’t enough space in the jaw. This can lead to the tooth growing at an angle, pushing against neighboring teeth, or remaining trapped within the jawbone or gums.
Impaction can also contribute to overcrowding of existing teeth, potentially shifting their alignment. Pain, swelling, and infection, particularly pericoronitis (an infection of the gum tissue surrounding a partially erupted wisdom tooth), are common symptoms that prompt consideration for removal. The difficult-to-reach location of wisdom teeth also makes them susceptible to decay and gum disease, as food particles and bacteria can easily become trapped and are hard to clean effectively.
Criteria for Retaining Wisdom Teeth
It is acceptable to retain wisdom teeth in certain circumstances. For a wisdom tooth to be kept, it should be fully erupted, meaning it has completely grown through the gum. It also needs to be properly aligned, without pushing against adjacent teeth or causing crowding.
The tooth should also be functional, contributing to the biting surface without causing discomfort. Maintaining good oral hygiene is important, as the tooth must be healthy with no signs of decay or gum disease, and it must be accessible for routine cleaning and flossing. Regular monitoring by a dental professional helps ensure that these conditions remain stable over time.
Potential Problems of Retaining Wisdom Teeth
Leaving problematic wisdom teeth in place can lead to several long-term complications. One issue is the development of cysts that can form around the crown of an impacted tooth within the jawbone. These cysts can expand and damage surrounding bone or adjacent teeth.
They can also cause damage to nearby teeth, including root resorption or decay on the adjacent second molars due to food impaction and difficulty cleaning. Persistent infections, like pericoronitis, can recur and lead to chronic pain, swelling, and bad breath. These issues highlight the importance of addressing problematic wisdom teeth, even if they are not immediately symptomatic.
Risks Associated with Wisdom Tooth Extraction
While wisdom tooth extraction is a common procedure, it does carry potential risks and complications. A common post-operative issue is dry socket, which occurs when the blood clot at the extraction site fails to develop or becomes dislodged prematurely, exposing bone and nerves. This condition can cause severe pain that may radiate to the ear, temple, or neck.
Nerve damage is another potential risk, leading to temporary or permanent numbness or tingling in the lips, tongue, or chin. Other possible complications include infection at the extraction site, excessive bleeding, and swelling around the jaw. Following post-operative instructions, such as avoiding smoking and using a straw, can help minimize these risks.