A urinary tract infection (UTI) develops when bacteria enter and multiply within any part of the urinary system. These common infections affect millions annually. While many UTIs are manageable, understanding potential severe complications and recognizing when a UTI constitutes an emergency is important.
Understanding Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria, often E. coli, which typically reside in the digestive tract and can enter the urethra. These bacteria can travel up the urinary tract, infecting different areas. An infection limited to the urethra is called urethritis, while an infection in the bladder is known as cystitis.
Common symptoms of these lower urinary tract infections include a persistent, strong urge to urinate and a burning sensation during urination. Individuals might also experience frequent urination, passing small amounts of urine, or cloudy or strong-smelling urine. Pelvic pain or lower abdominal discomfort can also occur.
Recognizing a UTI Emergency
A UTI can become an emergency if the infection spreads to the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or if it leads to a widespread body response called sepsis. Symptoms indicating a kidney infection include high fever, shaking chills, and pain in the back or side. Nausea and vomiting are also common with kidney infections, and urine may appear cloudy or bloody.
Sepsis, a life-threatening complication, occurs when the body’s response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. Beyond typical UTI symptoms, signs of sepsis can include confusion, altered mental status, rapid heart rate, and difficulty breathing. Older adults may exhibit confusion as their primary symptom of a UTI, even without other typical signs. Individuals with a weakened immune system, those with diabetes, pregnant individuals, young children, and men are at higher risk for complicated UTIs and severe outcomes.
What to Do When You Suspect a UTI
Prompt medical consultation is advised for suspected urinary tract infections, even if symptoms appear mild. A healthcare provider can diagnose a UTI through a urine sample, analyzed for infection signs like bacteria or white blood cells. Treatment involves antibiotics, which target the bacteria. Complete the entire prescribed antibiotic course, even if symptoms improve quickly, to fully eradicate the infection and prevent recurrence or complications.
While awaiting medical attention or during treatment, self-care measures can help manage discomfort. Drinking plenty of water helps flush bacteria and dilutes urine, reducing burning sensations. Over-the-counter pain relievers alleviate pain and discomfort. Avoiding bladder irritants like caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods also provides relief. These measures are supportive and do not replace professional medical diagnosis and antibiotic treatment, especially with emergency symptoms.