Retinal hemorrhage is bleeding within the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The retina contains specialized cells, rods and cones, that convert light into nerve signals, which are sent to the brain to form visual images. When blood vessels in this tissue rupture, blood accumulates, impairing the retina’s ability to function properly.
The Immediate Concern
A retinal hemorrhage is a medical emergency requiring prompt attention. The retina plays a key role in vision, and bleeding can disrupt its function. Depending on the hemorrhage’s size and location, it can lead to rapid and permanent vision loss if not addressed quickly. Blood accumulation can block light from reaching photoreceptor cells, directly impeding sight. Swift intervention aims to preserve as much vision as possible and prevent further damage.
Recognizing the Signs
Individuals experiencing a retinal hemorrhage may notice various vision changes, with symptoms varying by bleed size and location. Common visual disturbances include a sudden onset of blurry or hazy vision. People might also perceive new floaters, which appear as small specks or cobweb-like structures. Dark spots, shadows, or a “curtain” or “veil” obscuring part of the vision can also be present. Severe cases may involve partial or complete vision loss in the affected eye.
Underlying Causes
Various conditions and factors can contribute to the development of a retinal hemorrhage:
Diabetic retinopathy: High blood sugar levels weaken retinal blood vessels, leading to leakage and rupture.
Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage these vessels, causing bleeding.
Retinal vein occlusion: A blockage in a retinal vein causes blood to leak into the retina.
Age-related macular degeneration (wet form): Involves abnormal, leaky blood vessel growth under the macula, leading to hemorrhage.
Physical trauma: Injury to the eye or head can rupture retinal blood vessels.
Other conditions: Blood disorders like anemia or leukemia, inflammation, or abnormal blood vessel growth can also increase risk.
Seeking Prompt Medical Attention
If a retinal hemorrhage is suspected, immediate medical evaluation from an ophthalmologist or emergency room is important. A healthcare provider will conduct a comprehensive eye examination, including a dilated fundus exam, to visualize the retina. Diagnostic tests like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography may assess bleeding extent and source.
Treatment approaches vary based on the hemorrhage’s cause and severity. Minor hemorrhages may resolve on their own over weeks or months. More significant cases may involve laser therapy to seal leaking vessels, medication injections (like anti-VEGF agents), or surgery such as a vitrectomy to remove blood.