Bartholin cysts are a common gynecological condition that can cause discomfort and concern. This article clarifies common questions surrounding Bartholin cysts, including their nature, causes, symptoms, and available treatments.
Are Bartholin Cysts Contagious?
Bartholin cysts are not contagious and cannot be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact or sexual activity. These cysts represent a localized issue, specifically a blockage of a gland duct near the vaginal opening. While some underlying conditions that contribute to their formation, such as certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can be contagious, the cyst itself is not infectious. If an infected cyst ruptures, the bacteria present could be transmissible, but this is distinct from the cyst being inherently contagious.
What is a Bartholin Cyst?
Bartholin cysts form when one of the two Bartholin glands, located on either side of the vaginal opening, becomes blocked. These small, pea-sized glands are typically not visible or palpable when healthy. Their primary role involves producing mucus, which helps lubricate the vaginal area, especially during sexual arousal. The fluid from these glands travels through narrow ducts to reach the vaginal vestibule.
A cyst develops when a blockage occurs in one of these ducts, causing the fluid to accumulate. This fluid buildup leads to the formation of a lump or sac, known as a Bartholin cyst. Cysts can vary in size, from a pea to a golf ball, and usually affect only one of the two glands.
Causes and Symptoms
The exact reason for a Bartholin gland duct blockage is not always clear, but several factors can contribute. Inflammation, injury to the area, or an overgrowth of skin can lead to a blockage. Bacterial infections are also common culprits, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) or bacteria associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea and chlamydia. While an infection might trigger the blockage, the cyst itself is a fluid collection, not an infection, though it can become infected, leading to an abscess.
Symptoms vary depending on the cyst’s size and whether it has become infected. Small, uninfected cysts may not cause noticeable symptoms beyond a minor, often painless, lump. If the cyst grows larger or becomes infected, symptoms typically include discomfort or pain, particularly when walking, sitting, or during sexual activity. Other signs of an infected cyst, also known as a Bartholin abscess, can include redness, tenderness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. In some cases, a fever or chills may also develop.
Treatment and Outlook
Treatment for a Bartholin cyst depends on its size, symptoms, and if it has become infected. Small, asymptomatic cysts may not require medical intervention and can sometimes resolve on their own. Home remedies such as sitz baths (soaking the affected area in warm water several times a day) can help promote drainage and relieve discomfort. Applying warm compresses to the area can also provide relief.
For larger or symptomatic cysts, medical intervention is often necessary. If the cyst becomes infected and forms an abscess, surgical drainage is recommended. This procedure involves a small incision to allow the fluid or pus to drain. A small catheter may be inserted and left in place for several weeks to ensure continuous drainage and prevent the duct from closing prematurely.
In cases of recurrent cysts, a procedure called marsupialization might be performed. This involves surgically opening the cyst and stitching the edges of the cyst wall to the surrounding skin, creating a small, permanent pouch. Antibiotics may be prescribed if there is an active infection or if an STI is identified as a contributing factor. While recurrence is possible, these treatments effectively manage Bartholin cysts for most individuals. Consulting a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment is always recommended.