Influenza A, commonly known as the flu, is a respiratory infection that can cause serious illness. For individuals who are pregnant, the flu presents a heightened risk of complications. Pregnancy brings about various physiological changes, including alterations to the immune system, heart, and lungs, which can make pregnant individuals more susceptible to severe outcomes from viral infections like influenza A. The immune system’s response is modified during pregnancy, and while it works to fight off illness, it may not respond as quickly to viruses as it did before pregnancy. The growing uterus places pressure on the lungs, requiring them to work harder in a smaller space, and the heart also works more strenuously to supply blood to both the pregnant individual and the developing baby. These bodily adaptations can increase the likelihood of experiencing more severe illness if infected with the flu.
Potential Harms to Mother and Developing Baby
Influenza A infection during pregnancy can lead to significant health complications for both the pregnant individual and the developing baby. Pregnant individuals face an increased risk of severe illness, including hospitalization and, in some cases, even death. Respiratory failure and acute cardiopulmonary disease are among the serious complications that can arise.
Pneumonia, a lung infection, is a severe complication of the flu that is more likely to occur during pregnancy. Studies indicate that pregnant individuals hospitalized with influenza A infection have a five-fold increased risk of flu-induced complications. The infection can also trigger systemic inflammation, which can affect various bodily systems beyond the lungs.
For the developing baby, influenza A infection can lead to several adverse outcomes, even though the virus typically does not directly infect fetal tissues or the placenta. There is an increased risk of preterm labor and preterm birth. Babies born prematurely may have low birth weight.
In rare instances, influenza A infection during pregnancy has been associated with stillbirth and increased perinatal mortality, including miscarriages and early neonatal disease. Furthermore, a fever from the flu in early pregnancy may be linked to certain birth defects, such as neural tube defects. Research in animal models suggests that influenza A during pregnancy can impact the mother’s vascular system, limiting blood flow and oxygen supply to the fetus, which can have long-term health implications.
Protecting Yourself from the Flu During Pregnancy
Preventing influenza A during pregnancy is primarily achieved through vaccination, which is considered safe and highly recommended. The influenza vaccine helps the body produce antibodies that protect against the flu illness. These antibodies develop approximately two weeks after vaccination.
The inactivated (killed virus) vaccine, given as an injection, is suitable for pregnant individuals and can be administered during any trimester. It is generally advised to get the flu shot before flu season, which typically runs from October through May. Receiving the vaccine during pregnancy offers protection not only to the pregnant individual but also to the baby after birth, as antibodies can be passed on.
Beyond vaccination, several general preventive measures can help reduce the risk of flu transmission. Frequent handwashing with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, is an effective way to remove germs. Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can also minimize exposure to the virus.
Practicing proper cough and sneeze etiquette, such as covering the mouth and nose with a tissue or the elbow, helps to contain respiratory droplets that carry the virus. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can also contribute to reducing the spread of germs.
Recognizing Symptoms and Seeking Care
Recognizing the symptoms of influenza A is an important step in seeking timely medical attention, especially during pregnancy. Common flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and headache. These symptoms often appear suddenly and can be more intense than those of a common cold.
Pregnant individuals should be particularly vigilant for warning signs that indicate a more severe illness and necessitate immediate contact with a healthcare provider. These signs include:
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
Sudden dizziness or confusion
Persistent or severe vomiting
Decrease in fetal movement
A high fever that does not respond to acetaminophen should also be reported to a healthcare provider. While many flu symptoms can be managed with supportive care, the presence of any severe warning signs suggests a need for urgent medical assessment to prevent serious complications for both the pregnant individual and the developing baby. Early communication with a healthcare professional is crucial for appropriate guidance.
Treatment and Recovery
Treatment for influenza A during pregnancy primarily involves antiviral medications, which are most effective when started early. Medications like oseltamivir and zanamivir are commonly prescribed. For these antiviral drugs to provide the greatest benefit, they should ideally be initiated within 48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms. Antiviral medications can help lessen the severity of flu symptoms and shorten the duration of the illness, while also potentially reducing the risk of serious complications.
Supportive care measures are also important for managing symptoms and promoting recovery. These include getting plenty of rest and ensuring adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
Fever-reducing medications, such as acetaminophen, can be used to manage fever, but it is always important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any medication during pregnancy. If symptoms are severe or complications arise, hospitalization may be necessary for closer monitoring and more intensive medical care. Recovery typically involves rest and gradual return to normal activities as symptoms subside.