An ovarian cyst diagnosis often raises concerns, especially for those hoping to conceive. The relationship between ovarian cysts and the ability to become pregnant is not always straightforward. This article clarifies the connection, exploring various cyst types and their implications for reproductive health.
What Are Ovarian Cysts?
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs or pockets that develop on or within an ovary. These formations are very common and frequently occur without causing any symptoms. Many are benign and often resolve on their own without medical intervention.
Cysts are generally categorized into two main types: functional and pathological. Functional cysts are the most common, forming as a normal part of the menstrual cycle. Pathological cysts develop due to abnormal cell growth or underlying conditions, unrelated to the regular menstrual cycle.
The Link Between Ovarian Cysts and Fertility
Many ovarian cysts do not affect fertility. Functional cysts, for example, often signify that normal processes for conception are taking place. However, certain types of cysts or specific situations can interfere with the reproductive process.
The impact on fertility depends on the cyst’s type, size, and any underlying conditions contributing to its formation. Cysts can affect fertility by rarely blocking fallopian tubes, interfering with regular ovulation, or being a symptom of an underlying condition that itself impacts fertility. For instance, if a cyst grows very large, it might distort the ovarian anatomy or cause pain, which could indirectly affect the timing or ability for intercourse, though this is less common.
Specific Cysts and Their Fertility Implications
Certain types of ovarian cysts are more commonly associated with fertility challenges. Endometriomas, often called “chocolate cysts,” are caused by endometriosis, where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus. They can affect fertility by distorting pelvic anatomy, causing inflammation, or impacting egg quality. Between 30% to 50% of people with endometriosis may experience infertility.
Another significant consideration involves cysts related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). The “cysts” seen in PCOS are not true cysts but rather numerous small follicles on the ovaries. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that disrupts regular ovulation, which is the primary reason it affects fertility. The hormonal imbalances in PCOS can lead to irregular or absent periods, making it difficult for an egg to be released, thereby hindering conception.
Other types, such as dermoid cysts, which contain various tissues like skin or hair, generally do not directly impact fertility unless they grow very large. If a dermoid cyst becomes large enough to compress ovarian tissue, it could reduce egg production. Similarly, cystadenomas, fluid-filled growths on the ovary’s surface, typically do not affect fertility unless they require surgical removal, which in rare cases could affect ovarian tissue.
Navigating Ovarian Cysts While Planning Pregnancy
For individuals with ovarian cysts planning pregnancy, consulting a healthcare provider is an important first step. A proper diagnosis, often involving an ultrasound, helps determine the cyst’s type, size, and characteristics. Blood tests may also be part of the evaluation.
Management strategies for cysts that could affect fertility vary. For cysts associated with conditions like PCOS, medications may be prescribed to regulate ovulation. Surgical removal might be considered in specific cases, such as large endometriomas, cysts causing significant pain, or those suspected of being malignant. Surgical intervention aims to preserve fertility, and many people with ovarian cysts successfully conceive.