An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on an ovary. Often benign, these cysts can form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle. While many resolve without symptoms, some grow larger and may rupture. A ruptured cyst releases fluid into the pelvic cavity, causing various symptoms. Recognizing these signs helps determine when medical attention is necessary.
Common Symptoms of Rupture
When an ovarian cyst ruptures, the most common symptom is sudden, sharp pain in the pelvic area. This pain often occurs on one side of the lower abdomen, typically on the side of the affected ovary. Its intensity varies from a mild ache to a stabbing sensation, and it may worsen with movement, physical activity, or sexual intercourse.
This pain differs from menstrual cramps due to its sudden onset and localized nature. Some individuals also experience pressure or fullness in the lower abdomen or pelvis, caused by fluid accumulation from the ruptured cyst.
Spotting or light vaginal bleeding, appearing as pink or brown discharge, can also occur, separate from a menstrual period. Nausea and vomiting are less common but may suggest a more significant reaction or internal bleeding.
Urgent Signs Requiring Medical Care
While many ruptured ovarian cysts cause mild symptoms, certain signs require immediate medical attention. Severe, unbearable pain that does not subside requires prompt evaluation, as it can suggest extensive internal bleeding or other complications.
A fever with abdominal pain can signal a pelvic infection, requiring urgent medical care. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling faint are also concerning, as they may indicate significant internal bleeding and reduced blood flow to organs.
Rapid breathing or a fast heart rate, especially with cold, clammy skin, indicate shock. These responses suggest substantial blood loss or a severe systemic reaction, requiring immediate medical consultation. Ignoring these signs can lead to severe health complications.
Diagnosis and Treatment
When symptoms suggest a ruptured ovarian cyst, healthcare providers conduct a medical history and physical examination, including a pelvic exam. To confirm the diagnosis and rule out conditions like appendicitis or ectopic pregnancy, diagnostic tests are performed. A urine pregnancy test is typically administered to exclude pregnancy-related complications.
An ultrasound is a primary imaging tool to visualize ovaries and detect cysts, their size, and location. It can also reveal fluid in the abdominal cavity, indicating rupture, and assess internal bleeding. Blood tests, like a complete blood count, check for infection or decreased red blood cell levels due to blood loss.
Treatment varies with symptom severity and complications. Mild cases with minimal bleeding often require conservative management, including rest and over-the-counter pain relievers. More severe pain or significant bleeding may necessitate hospitalization for intravenous fluids and stronger pain medication. In rare instances of uncontrolled bleeding or other complications, surgical intervention, often via laparoscopy, may be needed to stop bleeding or remove the cyst. Recovery for uncomplicated ruptures typically takes a few days to a couple of weeks.