An exposed tooth root occurs when the protective gum tissue around a tooth pulls back, revealing the part of the tooth that is normally covered. This root section, which anchors the tooth in the jawbone, is not protected by hard enamel like the visible crown of the tooth. Instead, it is covered by a softer layer called cementum. When this area becomes exposed, it can lead to various dental issues.
Signs of Exposed Tooth Roots
One of the most common indicators of an exposed tooth root is increased tooth sensitivity. This sensitivity often manifests as a sharp, sudden discomfort when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages, or even when exposed to sweet or acidic substances. The dentin, a porous layer beneath the cementum, contains tiny tubules that lead to the tooth’s nerves, and without the overlying gum and cementum, these nerves are more easily stimulated.
Teeth may appear “longer” as more of the tooth structure below the gum line becomes visible. There might also be a noticeable dip or indentation where the gum used to meet the tooth at the gum line. Beyond sensitivity and visual changes, individuals might experience pain or discomfort while brushing or flossing, particularly near the affected gum area. The gums around the exposed root may also become tender, red, or swollen.
Common Causes of Root Exposure
Gum disease, specifically gingivitis and periodontitis, is a frequent cause of tooth root exposure. These conditions involve inflammation and infection of gum tissues and supporting bone, causing gums to pull away from the teeth and recede. As the disease progresses, the bone supporting the teeth can also be lost, further exposing the roots.
Aggressive or incorrect brushing can also contribute to gum recession. Using a hard-bristled toothbrush or excessive force wears away gum tissue, causing it to pull back. Natural gum recession also occurs as a person ages, leading to gradual exposure of tooth roots.
Other factors include teeth grinding (bruxism), which can exert excessive force on the teeth and supporting structures, potentially contributing to gum recession. Improper orthodontic treatment, if teeth are moved too quickly or incorrectly, can lead to gum tissue loss. Hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy, can increase gum sensitivity and susceptibility to recession. Tobacco use, including smoking, is also a known risk factor for gum disease and can accelerate gum recession.
Treatment Options for Exposed Roots
Untreated exposed tooth roots can lead to complications. Exposed cementum is softer than enamel, making the root surface vulnerable to decay. It can also increase the risk of infection, bone loss, and tooth loss.
Initial treatments involve professional dental cleaning to remove plaque and tartar. Dentists may apply fluoride varnish or desensitizing agents to reduce sensitivity by blocking dentinal tubules. For significant gum recession, gum grafting may be recommended. This involves surgically attaching gum tissue, often from the palate or donor tissue, to cover the exposed root.
If tooth decay or nerve damage occurs due to prolonged exposure, a root canal may be necessary to remove infected pulp and save the tooth. If the tooth cannot be saved, replacement options like dental implants or bridges may be considered. For extensive gum recession where surgery is not an option, gingival masks (removable silicone prostheses) can cover exposed roots and improve aesthetics.
Preventing Root Exposure
Preventing tooth root exposure involves diligent oral hygiene and addressing contributing factors. Brush gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush and proper technique to avoid damaging gum tissue. Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gum line.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important for early detection and management of gum disease, a leading cause of root exposure. If teeth grinding is an issue, a dentist may recommend a custom-fitted night guard to protect teeth and gums. Avoiding tobacco products is also important, as they can severely impact gum health and accelerate recession. Promptly discussing gum changes or tooth sensitivity with a dentist allows for early intervention and can help prevent progression of root exposure.