Africanized honey bees, often referred to as “killer bees,” are a hybrid of African and European honey bee subspecies. Originally introduced to Brazil in an effort to enhance honey production, their defensive nature makes them a significant concern. The common fear surrounding them stems from their behavioral traits rather than increased venom potency. Understanding these characteristics and knowing how to react during an encounter can provide practical information for personal safety.
Understanding the Threat
Africanized honey bees are dangerous due to their heightened defensive behavior. Unlike European honey bees, they react to disturbances with greater intensity and speed, often attacking in larger numbers. While a single sting is no more potent than a European honey bee’s, the danger comes from the sheer quantity of stings a victim can receive. A disturbed colony can send out hundreds of bees, pursuing a perceived threat for considerable distances, up to a quarter mile. This collective, prolonged pursuit is a key factor in severe outcomes.
Avoiding Encounters
Minimizing the risk of encountering Africanized honey bees involves being aware of their typical nesting habits and avoiding actions that might provoke them. These bees are less selective about nest locations compared to their European counterparts, often building colonies in unexpected places. Potential nesting sites can include hollow trees, old tires, abandoned vehicles, water meter boxes, and cavities in the ground or walls of structures. Inspect properties regularly for unusual bee activity, especially during swarming season (March to July).
Wear light-colored clothing, as bees react more strongly to dark colors. Avoid strong scents like perfumes or highly fragranced toiletries, as bees are sensitive to odors. Secure trash and food sources that might attract bees to prevent colonies near human activity. Seal gaps larger than 1/8-inch in walls, chimneys, or plumbing to deter nesting in homes.
Responding to an Attack
If an Africanized honey bee attack occurs, immediate and decisive action is important. The most effective response is to run away as quickly as possible, ideally in a straight line, to escape the colony’s defensive perimeter. Protecting your face and head is a priority, as stings in these areas can be serious; use your hands, arms, or clothing to shield these parts while running. Do not swat at the bees or flail your arms, as this can agitate them and increase attacking bees.
Seek immediate shelter in an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Once inside, close all doors and windows to prevent more bees from entering. While some bees may enter, the majority will remain outside, and those inside can be dealt with once you are safe. Avoid jumping into water, as bees may wait for you to resurface, prolonging the attack. Continue running until the bees stop their pursuit, which can be for a quarter mile or more, if no immediate shelter is available.
After a Stinging Incident
After escaping an Africanized honey bee attack, promptly remove any stingers embedded in the skin. Honey bees leave their barbed stinger and venom sac behind, which continues to pump venom. Scrape the stingers off with a fingernail, a credit card, or a blunt object rather than pulling them, as pulling can squeeze more venom into the skin. Once stingers are removed, wash the affected area with soap and water to clean the wounds. Applying a cold pack to the sting sites can help reduce pain and swelling.
Monitor for signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) or a toxic reaction from multiple stings. Symptoms of anaphylaxis can include hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, dizziness, or a rapid pulse, appearing within minutes to an hour. If these symptoms occur, seek emergency medical attention immediately. A large number of stings, even without an allergy, can lead to a toxic reaction with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, or fever, warranting prompt medical evaluation.