Gum recession is a common dental issue where the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back, exposing more of the tooth surface or even the tooth’s root. This exposure can lead to increased tooth sensitivity, especially to hot or cold temperatures, and may also make the teeth appear longer than usual. If left unaddressed, gum recession can contribute to further oral health problems, including decay and potential tooth loss.
Understanding Receding Gums
Gum recession is not an inevitable part of aging but rather a result of various factors that compromise gum tissue integrity. A primary cause is periodontal disease, which involves bacterial infections that destroy the gum tissue and the underlying bone supporting the teeth. As the infection progresses, pockets form between the teeth and gums, creating an environment for further bacterial growth and tissue destruction.
Aggressive tooth brushing, particularly with a hard-bristled toothbrush or excessive force, can physically wear away gum tissue over time. Conversely, poor oral hygiene, characterized by inadequate brushing and flossing, allows plaque and tartar to accumulate, which irritates the gums and can lead to inflammation and recession. Some individuals also have a genetic predisposition to thinner gum tissue or gum disease, making them more susceptible to recession regardless of their oral care habits.
Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can make gums more sensitive and prone to inflammation, indirectly increasing the risk of recession. Tobacco use, whether smoking or chewing, significantly increases the risk of gum recession by impairing blood flow to the gums and hindering their ability to fight off bacterial infections. Additionally, habits like bruxism (teeth grinding or clenching) can place excessive force on teeth and gums, contributing to tissue breakdown. Misaligned teeth or bite issues can also lead to uneven pressure distribution, making certain areas more vulnerable to recession.
Professional Treatment Options
Addressing receding gums often begins with a thorough assessment by a dental professional to determine the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment approaches vary depending on the extent of recession and the factors contributing to it. Mild cases may benefit from non-surgical interventions, while more severe situations often require surgical procedures.
Non-surgical treatments include scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure that removes accumulated plaque and tartar from below the gumline. This process also smooths the root surfaces, which helps the gums reattach to the teeth and reduces the environment for bacterial growth.
In some instances, topical or oral antibiotics may be used to control bacterial infections contributing to gum disease. Dental bonding, using tooth-colored composite resin, can be applied to cover exposed root surfaces, which helps reduce sensitivity and improves the aesthetic appearance of the teeth. For cases where misaligned teeth contribute to recession, orthodontic treatment might be recommended to gradually straighten teeth and improve overall gum health and position.
For more significant gum recession, surgical treatments may be necessary to restore lost tissue. Gum grafting involves taking healthy gum tissue from one area, often the roof of the mouth (palate), and attaching it to the receded area to cover exposed roots.
Common types of gum grafts include connective tissue grafts, where tissue is taken from beneath a flap on the palate and used to cover exposed roots. Free gingival grafts involve directly taking a small piece of tissue from the palate to thicken thin gums. Pedicle grafts utilize tissue from the healthy gums adjacent to the affected tooth, partially cutting it and then rotating it to cover the exposed root.
The Pinhole Surgical Technique (PST) is a less invasive alternative that involves making a small pinhole in the gum and using specialized instruments to gently loosen and reposition the existing gum tissue over the exposed root. Regenerative procedures may also be employed, using membranes, tissue-stimulating proteins, or bone grafts to encourage the natural growth of new bone and tissue.
Preventing Further Recession
Maintaining long-term gum health and preventing further recession involves consistent and proper oral hygiene practices. Gentle brushing with a soft-bristled toothbrush is crucial, using circular or short back-and-forth strokes rather than aggressive scrubbing, which can damage gums and tooth enamel.
Daily flossing is equally important for removing plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gumline, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach. Incorporating an antiseptic mouthwash into the daily routine can also help reduce bacteria in the mouth.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important for monitoring gum health and removing hardened plaque (tartar) that cannot be removed by brushing alone. These visits allow dental professionals to detect and address any signs of recession early.
Addressing underlying issues, such as bruxism, is also essential; custom mouthguards can protect teeth and gums from the forces of grinding or clenching. Quitting tobacco use is a significant step, as tobacco severely impairs gum health and healing.
If misaligned bites are contributing to gum issues, orthodontic solutions can help correct the problem and alleviate undue pressure on the gums. A balanced diet also supports overall oral health, providing the necessary nutrients for healthy gum tissue.