Shark encounters are rare, with approximately 60-65 unprovoked bites globally each year, and about five fatalities. The risk of a shark attack is statistically lower than many common dangers, such as bee stings, dog bites, or lightning strikes. This article provides practical information to minimize risks and respond safely if an encounter occurs.
Understanding Shark Behavior and Habitats
Sharks sometimes interact with humans due to mistaken identity, curiosity, or territorial defense. A shark might mistake a swimmer’s movements for prey, especially in low visibility. Sharks may also investigate unfamiliar objects with their mouths, leading to incidental bites.
Certain environments and times increase the likelihood of shark encounters. Murky water, river mouths, and areas with steep drop-offs or sandbars are common shark habitats. Sharks are often more active during low light conditions, such as dawn, dusk, and night, when many prey species are active. Activity near fishing boats, piers, or areas with schooling fish or marine mammal activity can also attract sharks.
Key Prevention Strategies for Water Activities
Minimizing the risk of a shark encounter involves adopting several safety practices. Always swim in groups, as sharks are less likely to approach multiple individuals. Remaining close to shore provides a quicker exit and access to assistance.
Avoid entering the water during low light hours, such as dawn and dusk, when many shark species are most active. Steer clear of murky or turbid water where visibility is poor, as sharks may have difficulty distinguishing between humans and prey. Refrain from wearing shiny jewelry or high-contrast clothing, which can resemble fish scales or attract a shark’s attention.
Avoid excessive splashing or erratic movements, as these can mimic distress signals. Do not enter the water with open wounds, as sharks detect blood in very small concentrations. Do not swim near areas known for shark activity, such as active fishing, baitfish, or marine mammal concentrations, as these indicate a higher presence of sharks.
Responding to a Shark Encounter
If a shark is sighted or approaches, maintain a calm demeanor. Avoid sudden, erratic movements or excessive splashing, as this can provoke the shark. Slowly move away from the shark while keeping it in sight.
Maintaining eye contact with the shark can help deter it. If the shark continues to approach aggressively and you cannot escape, be prepared to defend yourself. Target sensitive areas such as the shark’s eyes, gills, or snout with forceful blows. Use any available object, like a surfboard or camera, as a buffer or for striking.
Emergency Response After an Attack
In the event of a shark bite, immediate action is crucial to control bleeding and seek medical attention. Get the person out of the water quickly and safely. Once out, apply direct pressure to the wound to stop blood loss.
If bleeding is severe, especially from an artery in the inner thigh, upper arm, or leg, applying a tourniquet can be life-saving. Keep the victim calm and warm, as shock can set in quickly. Call emergency services immediately (such as 911) to arrange transport to a medical facility, as all shark bites require professional medical evaluation.