A peanut allergy is an immune system reaction to proteins found in peanuts. When exposed, the body mistakenly identifies these proteins as harmful, triggering a response that can range from mild discomfort to a severe, life-threatening reaction. Peanut allergies are common and can persist throughout a person’s life. Understanding the signs and obtaining a proper diagnosis is important for managing this condition.
Recognizing Allergy Symptoms
Symptoms of a peanut allergy can manifest quickly, often within minutes to a few hours after exposure. Reactions can affect various parts of the body, and their intensity can differ between individuals. Skin reactions include hives, red, itchy welts, or a flushed appearance. Swelling around the mouth, lips, face, and throat can also occur.
Digestive system symptoms may involve abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Respiratory symptoms are also common and can include sneezing, a runny nose, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the throat. These issues can indicate swelling of the airways.
More severe reactions can impact the cardiovascular system, presenting as a drop in blood pressure, leading to dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. A weak or rapid pulse can also be a sign of a more serious systemic reaction. The most severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis, is a rapid, widespread response affecting multiple body systems simultaneously and requires immediate medical attention.
Professional Diagnostic Methods
Confirming a peanut allergy involves a healthcare professional, such as an allergist, who conducts specific tests. The skin prick test applies a small amount of liquid containing peanut protein to the skin, usually on the forearm or back. A positive reaction, a raised, red bump resembling a mosquito bite, suggests IgE antibodies to peanuts.
Blood tests measure specific IgE antibodies to peanut proteins in the blood. Elevated levels can indicate an allergic sensitization, though a positive result does not always mean a person will experience a clinical reaction upon exposure.
When test results are inconclusive or to confirm a diagnosis, an oral food challenge (OFC) may be performed. This procedure involves consuming measured amounts of peanut under strict medical supervision. The OFC is the most accurate way to diagnose a food allergy, as it directly observes the body’s reaction. Due to the risk of severe reactions, it is only conducted in a controlled environment with emergency equipment readily available.
Responding to Suspected Allergies
If a peanut allergy is suspected, seeking medical advice promptly is an important first step. A healthcare professional will evaluate symptoms, medical history, and determine appropriate diagnostic tests. Avoiding peanuts and peanut-containing products is recommended while awaiting a formal diagnosis. Careful label reading is crucial during this period.
For a suspected severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, immediate emergency medical attention is necessary. Symptoms like difficulty breathing, sudden swelling of the throat or mouth, or a sudden drop in blood pressure warrant calling emergency services. Prompt administration of epinephrine, if an auto-injector has been prescribed and is available, can be life-saving during such severe events.
Following a confirmed diagnosis, an allergist can provide a personalized management plan. This plan includes education on strict allergen avoidance, instructions for recognizing and responding to allergic reactions, and guidance on the proper use of emergency medications. Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector, if prescribed, is important for managing a diagnosed peanut allergy.