Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in the kidneys when certain minerals in urine become highly concentrated and crystallize. These deposits can vary in size, from as small as a grain of sand to larger than a pea. While some small stones may pass unnoticed, larger ones can cause significant pain as they travel through the narrow tubes of the urinary tract.
Recognizing the Signs of Passage
The most prominent indication that a kidney stone has passed is often a sudden relief from intense pain. This severe, cramping pain, known as renal colic, typically begins in the back or side and can move towards the lower abdomen or groin. This sharp discomfort usually subsides, transitioning into a dull ache or disappearing entirely.
Other physical changes can signal stone passage. Individuals might observe a temporary increase in the frequency or urgency of urination just before the stone exits. There could be a sensation of pressure or a slight burning as the stone passes through the urethra. While the stone itself may be too small to see, some individuals might notice a tiny piece of gravel or sand-like material in their urine.
The color of urine might change, with some people noticing a pink, red, or brown tint due to small amounts of blood. This blood is typically a result of the stone irritating the lining of the urinary tract during its journey. Once the stone has passed, these urinary symptoms generally resolve.
Confirming Stone Passage and Next Steps
Once a kidney stone is suspected to have passed, attempting to collect it is an important next step. This can be done by urinating through a fine-mesh strainer or gauze. The stone may be very small, resembling a grain of sand or tiny gravel. If a stone is found, it should be placed in a clean, dry container.
Collecting the stone for analysis helps determine its specific composition. Knowing the type of stone (e.g., calcium oxalate, uric acid) allows healthcare providers to identify underlying causes and recommend tailored strategies to prevent future stone formation.
Even if a stone is believed to have passed, follow-up with a healthcare provider is important. They can confirm the stone’s passage and discuss preventative measures based on the stone analysis results. Maintaining adequate hydration by drinking plenty of water helps flush the urinary system and reduce the risk of new stones forming.
When Passage is Unlikely or Complications Arise
While many kidney stones pass without intervention, certain symptoms indicate the stone may still be present or complications have developed. Persistent severe pain that does not subside, even with prescribed pain medication, suggests the stone might be lodged and causing a blockage.
The development of fever and chills is a serious warning sign, often indicating an infection in the kidney or urinary tract. A fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, especially when accompanied by chills, necessitates immediate medical attention. Such an infection can arise if the stone creates an obstruction, allowing bacteria to build up.
Difficulty or complete inability to urinate is another critical symptom, suggesting a significant obstruction of urine flow. If urine backs up, it can cause swelling in the kidney and potentially lead to kidney damage. Nausea and vomiting that prevent fluid intake can also lead to dehydration and worsen the situation.
Any of these severe symptoms, including significant blood in the urine, warrant an immediate visit to an emergency room or urgent care facility. Prompt medical evaluation and treatment are essential to prevent further complications, such as kidney damage or widespread infection. Healthcare professionals can perform imaging tests to determine the stone’s location and size, and provide appropriate care.