Chamomile is recognized for its delicate flowers and widespread applications. Valued by ancient civilizations for thousands of years, this herb continues to be popular among gardeners and wellness enthusiasts.
Understanding Chamomile
Chamomile is a member of the Asteraceae family. The plants feature small, white-petaled flowers with bright yellow centers, resembling miniature daisies, and possess a sweet, apple-like aroma. This scent is why its Greek name, “chamaimelon,” translates to “earth apple.”
Two main types are cultivated: German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla or Chamomilla recutita) and Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). German chamomile is an annual plant, growing 1 to 2 feet tall, and is frequently used for herbal teas due to its prolific flowering. Roman chamomile, a perennial, forms a low-growing groundcover, popular for pathways or as a fragrant lawn alternative. While both have beneficial properties, Roman chamomile flowers often taste bitter, making German chamomile preferred for culinary uses.
Growing Chamomile Successfully
Chamomile thrives in environments that mimic its natural growing conditions, making it a low-maintenance herb for many gardeners. Providing the right conditions ensures a healthy and productive plant.
Planting and Location
Chamomile can be started from seed indoors or direct-sown outdoors after the last spring frost. For indoor starting, sow seeds about six weeks before the last expected frost, then transplant outdoors in late spring or early summer. When direct-sowing, scatter seeds thinly on the soil surface in mid-spring, as they require light to germinate. Chamomile grows best in full sun, ideally at least four to six hours daily. It can tolerate partial shade, especially in hotter climates where afternoon shade prevents wilting.
Soil and Light Requirements
Well-draining soil is important for chamomile plants to prevent root issues. While not particular about soil richness, chamomile performs best in moderately fertile soil with a pH range between 5.6 and 7.5. Amending the soil with compost or other organic matter enhances its structure and fertility, supporting robust growth. Good air circulation around the plants is also beneficial.
Watering and Fertilizing
Young chamomile plants require consistent moisture, about an inch of water per week, until established. Once established, chamomile becomes more drought-tolerant, needing water primarily during dry spells. Allow the soil to dry out between waterings to avoid waterlogging, which can harm the plants. Chamomile generally does not require heavy fertilization; established plants often grow and flower well without additional feeding.
Common Growing Challenges
While chamomile is resilient, gardeners might encounter a few issues. Pests like aphids and thrips can affect plants, though they are not severely impacted. These pests can be managed by washing them off or using insecticidal soap. Powdery mildew can appear in humid conditions, but maintaining good air circulation through proper plant spacing helps mitigate this.
Harvesting and Preparing Chamomile
Optimal harvesting techniques ensure chamomile flowers retain their potency and aromatic qualities for later use. Proper timing and method are key to preserving the herb’s beneficial compounds.
Chamomile flowers are ready for harvest when fully open, typically when white petals are flat or just beginning to curve backward, and before they droop. Harvest on a dry, sunny day, ideally in the morning after dew evaporates, as this is when essential oil content is highest. Only harvest flower heads, as stems and leaves can impart a bitter flavor. Flowers can be gently pinched off the stem just below the head or combed off the plant. Regular harvesting encourages more blooms, extending the season.
After harvesting, dry chamomile flowers to preserve them. Spread flowers in a single layer on a clean screen or tray in a well-ventilated, dark, dry room for air drying, which takes one to two weeks. Alternatively, a food dehydrator set to 95-115°F (35-46°C) can dry flowers in a few hours. Higher temperatures degrade beneficial compounds. Once completely dry and cool, store flowers in an airtight container, like a glass jar, in a cool, dark place away from light and moisture. Properly stored, dried chamomile can maintain effectiveness for up to a year.
Benefits and Uses of Chamomile
Chamomile is known for its soothing and calming properties. Its applications encompass several traditional wellness practices.
One popular use of chamomile is as an herbal tea, consumed for its relaxing effects. The tea promotes calm, aids sleep, and supports digestive comfort. Compounds like apigenin may contribute to sleepiness by binding to certain brain receptors. For digestive issues, chamomile traditionally eases stomach cramps, indigestion, and gas. Its properties help reduce smooth muscle spasms associated with gastrointestinal discomfort.
Beyond internal consumption, chamomile is also applied topically. It has been traditionally used for various skin conditions, including mild skin irritations, rashes, and eczema. Its anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to compounds like alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene, which can penetrate skin layers. While these applications are rooted in traditional use, it is important to understand that such uses are not medical advice. Chamomile is available in various forms, including teas, extracts, oils, and creams.